Glossary

A medical procedure used to remove fluid from the abdominal cavity, typically to diagnose or treat health conditions. It involves inserting a needle through the abdominal wall to collect fluid for analysis.

Rotation of an eye outwards (temporally or laterally).

The surgical removal or destruction of eye tissue or tissues.

Partial or complete congenital absence of the eyelids.

Unusual shape or structure of the eyelids often seen in certain dog and cat breeds, which can lead to eye problems such as ocular surface irritation, inadequate protection, or poor tearfilm distribution or quality.

A localized collection of pus within a tissue, often caused by infection, characterized by inflammation, swelling, and pain, requiring medical and sometimes also surgical treatment.

An oral medication used to manage blood sugar in diabetic animals.

The process whereby the eye maintains focus on objects of various distances by changing the shape of the lens.

The process whereby the eye maintains focus on objects of various distances by changing the shape of the lens.

Brand name for isotretinoin, a medication used to treat severe acne. It works by reducing the production of sebum and can be prescribed for more severe cases of chin acne.

A type of clear tape used in veterinary diagnostics to collect samples of skin cells, fur, and potential external parasites from animals.

Pressing tape to the skin to collect samples for microscopic examination.

A rare genetic condition characterized by the absence or malfunction of cone photoreceptors in the retina, leading to day blindness and a lack of color vision. In dogs, this condition is associated with certain breeds such as Siberian Huskies.

A substance or solution that has a pH value below 7, indicating a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. Acidic substances can be corrosive and sour in taste.

Congenital absence of the pupil.

Something caused by environmental forces and not passed from parent to offspring in the genes.

The term "acquired" refers to conditions or changes that are not inherited but instead develop over time due to various factors such as injury, underlying diseases, or external influences.

Hypersomatotropism. The result of excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) in adults. In cats, it’s caused by GH-secreting tumors of the anterior pituitary. Clinical signs include uncontrolled diabetes, weight gain, organ enlargement, and musculoskeletal changes.

The ability of your eyes to distinguish between two objects separately and unblurred. Also referred to as visual acuity.

A condition or illness that has a rapid onset and is severe but typically short-lived. Acute conditions require immediate attention or treatment.

Pain that usually has a clear cause and is short-lived.

American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. www.acvo.org

American College of Veterinary Surgeons. www.acvs.org

A synthetic pheromone used to reduce stress and anxiety in dogs.

An injectable medication often prescribed to help in the management of arthritis by aiding in the health of joint cartilage, thereby improving mobility.

The tissues surrounding the eye, including the eyelids, conjunctiva, tear glands, and orbital contents.

Adrenal refers to the adrenal glands, which are small, triangle-shaped endocrine glands located on top of each kidney. They produce hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline, which regulate various bodily functions such as metabolism, blood pressure, and stress response.

Also known as epinephrine, it is a hormone and neurotransmitter that triggers the body's fight-or-flight response to increase heart rate, blood flow, and energy levels to help the body respond quickly to a threat or emergency. Epinephrine is often used to treat severe allergic reactions, cardiac arrest, and other critical conditions.

Bacteria that require oxygen to grow and thrive by using oxygen in their metabolic process, typically for energy production through respiration, distinguishing them from anaerobic bacteria that do not need oxygen for growth.

Cataracts that develop with age.

A congenital lack (total or partial) of pigment in the skin, hair, and/or eyes.

Anterior lens luxation. A condition in which the lens of the eye breaks free of its attachments to shift out of its normal position to pass through and lodge in front of the pupil. This causes pain, can lead to complications including acute glaucoma and retinal detachment, and often results in blindness if not treated promptly.

A treatment for allergies that involves regularly giving the patient small doses of the allergens to which they are allergic.

Itching caused by an allergic reaction to something. Examples include fleas, food, drugs, bacteria, and yeast.

The body’s mild-severe reaction to normally harmless substances (allergens) like pollen, dust, or animal fur. Symptoms may include itchy eyes, runny nose, wheezing, skin rash, or diarrhea.

Tests used to identify what substances an animal may be allergic to.

Hair loss, often a result of excessive itching or scratching.

A class of drugs used to treat glaucoma that work by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors.

The part of the jawbone that surrounds and supports the roots of teeth, providing the socket where the tooth is anchored by the periodontal ligament.

The thin, soft mucous membrane that covers the marginal gingiva and the attached gingiva, and continues across the floor of the mouth, the lips and the cheeks.

Blindness of unknown cause.

A vision development disorder (commonly known as "lazy eye") where an eye fails to achieve normal visual acuity, despite the absence of any structural eye problem.

ASPCA. A non-profit organization dedicated to preventing cruelty to animals and promoting their welfare through various programs, including rescue, adoption, and advocacy efforts.

AVCA. A professional organization that promotes veterinary chiropractic care, promoting its administration in a safe, effective, and ethical manner. The AVCA provides certification for veterinarians and chiropractors who meet specific educational and practice standards in animal chiropractic care.

Inbility of the eye to focus images onto the retina (includes myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism).

The building blocks of proteins, essential for numerous bodily functions, including tissue repair, enzyme production, and hormone regulation. Some amino acids are synthesized by the body, while others must be obtained through diet.

A chemical used in veterinary medicine as a topical treatment for parasitic infestations, including demodectic mange in dogs. It's applied as a dip and requires careful handling due to its potential toxic nature.

Anti-nuclear antibodies: Autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus, often associated with autoimmune diseases.

Bacteria that do not need oxygen to live or grow.

Fluid produced by glands within the anal sacs, with distinct strong odor that plays a role in scent marking and communication among animals.

Small pouches located on either side of an animal's anus, which produce a strong-smelling secretion, often used for scent marking and communication among animals.

A type of medication that relieves pain.

A severe, life-threatening allergic response resulting in release of a flood of chemicals by the immune system that can cause the body to go into shock. Difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, swelling, and/or nausea can occur. Peanuts or bee stings are common triggers.

A medical practice that uses drugs to induce a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness, used during surgical procedures to prevent pain.

A substance that induces insensitivity to pain

Swelling beneath the skin's surface, usually from a rapid allergic reaction, that can affect the face, lips, neck, extremities, oral cavity, larynx, and GI tract. If the larynx is swollen, life-threatening airway blockage of air can occur.

Congenital absence of the iris.

Pupils of unequal size.

Fusion of the eyelid margins to each other (normal at birth in dogs and cats).

A rare congenital condition where one or both eyes fail to develop.

Alternate word for "anophthalmia"; i.e. congenital absence of the eyeball.

The fluid-filled space in the eye between the cornea and the iris, playing a key role in maintaining intraocular pressure and eye health.

ALL. A condition in which the lens of the eye breaks free of its attachments and shifts out of its normal position to pass through and lodge in front of the pupil. This causes pain, can lead to complications including acute glaucoma and retinal detachment, and often results in blindness if not treated promptly.

Adhesion of the iris to the cornea (anterior synechia).(pl: synechiae)

Relating to or causing the reduction of inflammation or swelling.

A monoclonal antibody that was developed to target nerve growth factor, a key factor and mediator in osteoarthritis pain.

A class of drugs used to treat infections caused by bacteria. They work by killing bacteria or preventing their growth and are essential in both human and veterinary medicine for managing bacterial diseases.

Drug that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting.

Medications used to lower and help regulate blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes.

Shampoos that contain agents designed to kill bacteria and/or yeast.

Autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus, often associated with autoimmune diseases.

Compounds that inhibit oxidation, and support overall well-being and cognitive health by protecting the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules that can harm cellular structures).

Refers to the administration of substances that can neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. Free radicals are are unstable molecules that can damage cells in a process called oxidative stress.

A dietary supplement formulated with antioxidants to help protect eye tissues from oxidative stress, which can especially damage cells in the retina, lens and optic nerve, contributing to degenerative eye conditions. These supplements often contain vitamins and carotenoids such as lutein and zeaxanthin, specifically aimed at supporting eye health.

Compounds that inhibit oxidation, and support overall well-being and cognitive health by protecting the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules that can harm cellular structures).

A substance that stops or slows down the growth of microorganisms, especially bacteria, on living tissues including skin. Examples include alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and iodine solutions.

An antiviral is a substance that fights against viruses and inhibits their growth. They can ease symptoms, shorten the duration of viral infections, and lower the risk of spreading viruses.

Absence of the lens.

An abnormal crescent-shaped area at the edge of the lens, caused by the absense of lens secondary to lens subluxation or microphakia.

Refers to the tip or apex of something, commonly used in dentistry to denote the tip or apex of the root of a tooth. In a dental context, the apical region of a tooth is where the nerve and blood vessels enter and exit, which is often associated with procedures and conditions affecting the root's end, like apical periodontitis.

An infection located at the tip, or apex, of a tooth root. It results from bacterial invasion into the pulp of the tooth, often causing pain and swelling.

Refers to a radiolucent or clear area seen on a dental X-ray at the apex of a tooth root. This often indicates infection or cyst formation at the tip of the tooth root.

1) The inability of the bone marrow to produce sufficient blood cells, often seen in aplastic anemia, a potential complication of cancer or its treatment to develop into new tissue or cells. 2) The absence or failure of development of a tissue or organ, often indicating a pathological condition where normal cell or tissue development is hindered or halted.

A type of sweat gland that secretes a more viscous, or thicker sweat that can develop an odor when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin.

Oclacitinib. A medication that controls itching, often used as a treatment for pruritus.

Determination of intraocular pressure (IOP) by measuring the force (in mmHg) required to flatten (applanate) a 1 mm diameter area of corneal surface tissue.

Also known as alkaline hydrolysis or water cremation, aquamation is an eco-friendly method of breaking down a pet's body using water and alkaline chemicals as an alternative to traditional cremation, producing fewer emissions and leaving behind a sterile solution and bone ash.

The abnormal presence of protein and inflammatory cells in the aqueous humor of the eye, indicating inflammation or disease. When a beam of light is shone into the eye, the cells and protein scatter the light, creating visible "flare" --much like seeing dust particles floating in a sunbeam.

Clear fluid secreted by the ciliary processes which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye to provides nutrition to the inside of the eye and maintain normal intraocular pressure.

A class of joint-legged invertebrate animals that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites.

A condition that causes inflammation and pain in the joints.

A medical condition in which fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity.

A reproductive process by which an organism creates a genetically identical copy of itself without the involvement of sex cells or gametes. This method of reproduction is common in many microorganisms, plants, and some lower animals.

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. A non-profit organization dedicated to preventing cruelty to animals and promoting their welfare through various programs, including rescue, adoption, and advocacy efforts.

Spherical and/or stellate opacities in the vitreous, imparting a "starry sky" effect when examined with a light beam; thought to be made of calcium and phosphorous-containing lipid.

Uneven focusing of light on the retina due to curvature differences in different parts of the cornea.

Allergic reactions caused by environmental factors such as pollen, dust mites or mold spores.

A chronic skin condition characterized by inflammation, pruritis (itchiness), and a rash. It is often associated with allergic reactions and can be triggered by environmental factors, allergens, or irritants.

Conditions characterized by allergic reactions, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, conjunctivitis, and rhinitis.

Atopica®. Brand name for cyclosporine, an immune modulating medication used in more severe cases of atopic disease, pruritis, and chin acne to control inflammation.

An allergic reaction to environmental allergens such as pollen or dust mites, which can lead to skin problems in pets.

Loss of tissue structure after normal development; applied mainly to degenerative hereditary diseases of mature animals.

A medication belonging to a class of drugs called cholinergics. When applied to the eye, it is used to relax painful smooth muscle spasms in the ciliary body inside the eye, and to dilate the pupil. When used systemically, tt can increase the heart rate, cause dry mouth and/or dry eye, and slow movement in the digestive tract.

These are hematomas, or blood that has pooled and then coagulated, between the layers of the cartilage of the ear.

Pertaining to the immune system of the body.

Disorders in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues of any organ system potentially leading to inflammation and damage.

Two antagonistic nervous systems (sympathetic and parasympathetic) that control unconscious body functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion both while awake and asleep.

American Veterinary Chiropractic Association. A professional organization that promotes veterinary chiropractic care, promoting its administration in a safe, effective, and ethical manner. The AVCA provides certification for veterinarians and chiropractors who meet specific educational and practice standards in animal chiropractic care.

A class of drugs derived from soil microorganisms, used to treat parasitic infections. These compounds work by interfering with the nerve and muscle function of parasites.

A condition where bacteria are present in the bloodstream. It can result from any infections, including associated with surgical or dental procedures and, in some cases, lead to more serious conditions.

Bacterial refers to something that is related to, caused by, or associated with bacteria. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various environments and play essential roles in nature and human health

Itching caused by bacterial or fungal infections.

A behavior observed in animals where they excessively groom themselves or others, leading to hair loss. It can be a sign of stress, boredom, or skin irritation.

A type of dog muzzle designed to allow the dog to pant, drink, and receive treats while preventing biting. They are designed to be humane and safe, minimizing stress for the dog while ensuring safety for others.

Microscopic tiny droplets in the cornea (resembling dew), often seen in conditions like corneal edema and recognizable using biomicroscopy.

An expert in animal behavior.

Not harmful in effect. In terms of a medical condition, not malignant

BAK, BKC; Quaternary ammonium chemical that is antimicrobial and acts as a detergent. Common preservative in ophthalmic eye solutions, but is toxic to corneal epithelium and damages the tear film.

A topical medication used for its drying and antimicrobial properties in the treatment of chin acne in cats. Frequently used for acne in people.

Fetal remnant of the hyaloid artery that appears as a small, white projection from the central optic disc. An asymptomatic incidental finding that requires no tests or monitoring.

Cells found in the pancreas that produce and release insulin, a hormone essential for regulating blood sugar levels.

Beta-adrenergic blocker; A class of drugs that block the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) by inhibiting beta-adrenergic receptors, which are found in the eyes, heart, lungs, and other parts of the body that are activated by adrenaline.

A pigment found in plants that acts as an antioxidant and is a precursor to vitamin A, supporting eye health, immune function, and overall cellular protection in animals.

A type of eyeglasses manufactures to feature two different optic powers in one lens.

To have or involve two eyes. When two eyes work together to integrate images seen by each eye from a slightly different vantage point into one image. Also known as stereopsis.

The overlapping field of vision that both eyes can see simultaneously; aids depth perception (three-dimensional vision).

To have or involve two eyes. When two eyes work together to integrate images seen by each eye from a slightly different vantage point into one image. Also known as stereopsis.

Diagnostic instrument that combines a microscope and well-focused light to permit visualization of living eye tissue, especially within the anterior half of the eye; also known as a slit lamp biomicroscope.

Microscopic examination of ocular structures using a biomicroscope.

A procedure where tissue is removed for diagnostic examination to detect diseases and guide treatment plans. An incisional biopsy is one in which part of the lesion is removed for examination. An excisional biopsy is one in which an entire lesion is removed for examination.

Inflammation of the eyelid(s).

Swelling of the eyelids.

Congenital defect in which the palpebral fissure is smaller than normal. Also known as microblepharon

Surgical procedures to correct eyelid abnormalities for improved eyelid function and comfort.

Involuntary and frequent squinting or spasming of the eyelids.

The area in the retina lacking light-sensitive cells, where the optic nerve exits the eye. This creates an area without visual perception, corresponding to where light rays are focused on the optic nerve.

Loss of visual function.

Also called gastric torsion. A life-threatening condition in dogs where the stomach turns, or rotates, and can twist on itself. This condition requires immediate veterinary attention and often surgery to correct. Bloat occurs when the stomach dilates dangerously, and can lead to torsion, or be a result of torsion.

A diagnostic method that identifies allergens by measuring specific antibodies in the bloodstream. It can provide information about environmental allergens affecting a pet's health.

The force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of the body's arteries. It is a vital sign that reflects the health of the cardiovascular system. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is expressed as two numbers: 1) Systolic pressure (the higher number), which is the pressure when the heart is beating and pumping blood; and 2) Diastolic pressure (the lower number), which is the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.

Also known as glucose, which is both the simplest sugar and the primary energy source for cells.

Laboratory tests to assess overall health and detect underlying diseases that may be detected in, carried by, or cause alteration of the blood.

Tests that measure the level of antibodies in a dog's blood, indicating the strength of the immune system's response to vaccines or diseases.

A natural formation that occurs when blood coagulates and combines with fibrin, a tough yet flexible protein essential for blood clotting. It acts as a temporary seal in wounds or internal injuries, including ocular tissue such as the cornea.

A veterinarian who has undergone extensive additional training to become board-certified by the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) to specialize in soft tissue and orthopedic surgical procedures, ensuring the highest standards of care.

A veterinarian specialized in eye care who has passed rigorous exams to ensure a high level of expertise in the field of eye care and vision.

The body movement signals that animals use to communicate their emotions, intentions, or reactions. This includes gestures like tail wagging, ear positioning, and posture changes.

A surgical procedure to add bone material to the jaw, often used to repair bone loss due to periodontal disease or to prepare for dental implants.

A colloquial term for Spontaneous Chronic Corneal Epithelial Defects (SCCEDs) that frequently occur in Boxer dogs. These ulcers are challenging to treat due to their resistance to conventional healing processes.

Beats per minute (the number of heartbeats per minute), which is the heart rate.

Refers to animals bred to have shortened noses (maxilla), broad skulls, "pushed-in" facial features, and prominent eyes that blink poorly and are vulnerable to injury. Common brachycephalic breeds include Pugs, French and English Bulldogs, and Persian cats.

Also known as macropalpbral ocular syndrome. A congenital condition characterized by overly prominent eyes and large eyelid openings, which can lead to increased corneal exposure and potential ocular complications. Common in brachycephalic breeds such as : (dogs) Pug, French Bulldog, Shih Tzu, and Pekingese; and (cats) Persian, Himalayan, and Exotic Shorthair.

A slower than normal resting heart rate [<100 beats per minute in cats and small dogs; <60 bpm in medium-sized dogs; <50 bpm in large dogs], which can be the result of an athletic lifestyle, a side effect of certain medications, or caused by certain types of heart disease.

The gradual "browning" discoloration of tissue. For eyes this typically includes the cornea or lens.

The side of the teeth that faces towards the cheeks.

Bullae, in the context of ophthalmology, refers to small blisters or fluid-filled sacs that can form on the cornea due to various factors such as advanced age, trauma, or disease.

The formation of blister-like fluid-filled spaces on or within the cornea, usually caused by corneal edema.

Abnormal stretching and enlargement of the eyeball most commonly associated with glaucoma. Also known as buphtalmos (unilateral) or hydroophtalmos.

An eye condition where one or both eyeballs are larger than normal. Often associated with increased intraocular pressure, a condition known as glaucoma.

A semi-synthetic opioid medication used in veterinary medicine for pain relief. It's often used for moderate to severe pain and is known for its long-lasting effects and safety profile in animals.

Companion Animal Eye Registry. An OFA program designed to help dog breeders identify and track hereditary eye conditions in dogs. By offering certifications conducted by board-certified veterinary ophthalmologists, CAER aids breeders in making informed decisions to promote the breeding of healthier dogs with fewer inherited eye diseases.

A vital mineral that supports strong bones and teeth, muscle function, nerve signaling, and blood clotting.

Hard deposit that forms when plaque accumulates and hardens on the teeth.

Products designed to help reduce anxiety, stress, and hyperactivity in animals. The most common ingredients used are L-theanine, L-tryptophan, CBD, and herbs including chamomile, passionflower, and valerian root.

The tiny canal portion of the lacrimal duct that connects the lacrimal punctum to the nasolacrimal sac. Plural: canaliculi.

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the ability to invade surrounding tissues.

CCD; A condition in dogs similar to dementia in humans, where cognitive functions like memory and perception decline with age. This can lead to changes in behavior, disorientation, urinary and/or fecal incontinence, and sleep disturbances in affected dogs, as well as other changes.

Vetsulin. An type of highly purified porcine insulin used to treat diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats.

A natural, palatable source of fiber that can be added to pets' diets to promote firm stools and regular anal sac expression.

The surgical elongation of the palpebral fissure that is usually temporary, performed during ocular surgery to increase surgical access to the eye. Used in combination with the words “lateral” or medial”. At the end of the ocular surgery, the incision is sutured closed.

The site of upper and lower eyelid attachment (also known as the inner and outer corners of the eyelids). Used in combination with the words "lateral" and "medial".

Nutrients that provide energy for the body, found in foods like grains and vegetables; they can be simple (providing quick energy) or complex (providing long-lasting energy and dietary fiber).

A term is used to describe functions, diseases, or conditions related to the heart's structure and its ability to pump blood throughout the body.

A sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness, typically resulting from an electrical disturbance in the heart that disrupts its pumping action, stopping blood flow to the rest of the body. Cardiac arrest is a life-threatening medical emergency.

Heart rhythm (heart beat) irregularity that is too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or erradic and caused by the heart's electrical system.

The heart (cardio) and vessels (vascular) that circulate blood throughout the body, crucial for sustaining life and responsible for circulating blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients, and remove waste products.

Small 'bump' of normal tissue at the inner corner of the eye. Also known as "lacrimal caruncle", and poorly developed in dogs and cats, compared with humans. Can be covered with hair in some dogs ("hairy caruncle").

Any opacification of the normally clear lens of the eye, through which light cannot pass. Can range from a tiny white speck to the entire lens being white, causing blindness in advanced cases.

Any opacifications of the normally clear lens of the eye, through which light cannot pass. Can range from a tiny white specks to the entire lens being white, causing blindness in advanced cases.

An herb from the mint family, known for its ability to attract and stimulate cats due to its aromatic volatile oil that contains nepetalactone.

Refers to an anatomical direction towards the tail end of an animal. Opposite of rostral and cranial (direction towards the head).

These are strong chemical substances that can cause burns or corrosion upon contact with organic tissue. Exposure to caustic agents can occur accidentally when pets chew on items containing these harsh chemicals, like certain household cleaners or some types of batteries. These substances can severely damage the mouth, throat, or digestive tract of an animal, leading to inflammation, ulcers, and other serious health issues that may manifest symptoms including extreme pain, drooling, and reluctance to eat.

Cautery refers to the use of heat or electricity to burn, cut, or coagulate tissue.

Complete blood count. A thorough assessment of the cellular components of blood, providing detailed information on red cells, white cells, and platelets, which is crucial for diagnosing diseases and monitoring health.

Corneoconjunctival transposition. A surgical procedure used to provide structural integrity to a cornea by translocating healthy cornea into a site of unhealthy cornea.

Colle Eye Anomaly. A group of hereditary, congenital, hypoplastic, or dysplastic anomalies primarily affecting the choroids and sclera, and indirectly the optic disc (eg coloboma).

A diagnostic method where tape is pressed to the perianal skin, then applied to a microscope slide, to try to find tapeworm egg packets. This test can be used to differentiate the different types of tapeworms.

A bacterial skin infection that spreads quickly and affects the skin's surface and underlying tissues. It often presents as red, swollen, and warm to touch.

Benign tumors that develop from the cementum, which is the calcified tissue covering the roots of teeth. They are typically asymptomatic and are often discovered during routine dental X-rays.

A hard, calcified tissue that covers the roots of teeth, helping to anchor them securely to the surrounding bone through the periodontal ligament. It plays an essential role in protecting the tooth root and supporting the overall structure of the tooth.

An inflammation of the outer ear canal associated with excessive production of ear wax. It is often caused by infection or infestation and can lead to discomfort and hearing issues.

Commonly known as tapeworms, are parasitic helminths residing within the gastrointestinal tract of host organisms, including dogs and cats. An established infestation occurs subsequent to the ingestion of intermediate hosts such as fleas or rodents.

An eyelid mass resulting from chronic meibomian gland inflammation.

Edema of the conjunctiva.

Third eyelid gland prolapse. A condition commonly seen in young dogs where the third eyelid gland breaks free of its anchoring ligament attachments and prolapses, rising up to become visible as a pink-to-red mass at the leading edge of the third eyelid. Surgical repositioning of the gland is required to prevent further complications.

In dental radiography, the chevron effect refers to the appearance of small teeth that often abscess. It is an artifact or optical illusion seen in radiographs and is not indicative of any pathology.

Also known as feline acne, chin acne is an inflammatory dermatitis that affects the chin and lips of cats, characterized by blackheads, pimples, and furunculosis.

A form of therapy for animals that focuses on the alignment of the spine and joints to improve health and reduce pain. This non-invasive treatment can often help with conditions such as spinal pain and stiffness.

An antiseptic and disinfectant used in medical settings for skin cleansing, surgical scrubs, and to prevent infections in wounds and medical procedures.

A substance commonly found in joint supplements that supports cartilage health and helps reduce joint pain and inflammation in animals.

The vascular layer of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. It is part of the uveal tract and is crucial in supplying oxygen and nutrients to the retina.

Inflammation of the choroid.

A condition or situation that persists and often recurs over a long period of time.

Long-term pain that may stem from conditions like arthritis. Unlike acute pain, it's not always apparent and may require careful observation to detect.

Relating to or characterized by scar tissue formed after a wound or injur

Entropion resulting from scar tissue contraction in the eyelid.

Eyelashes (plural).

The ciliary body contains ring shaped smooth muscle and ciliary processes. Its jobs include muscle constriction and relaxation to change the shape of the lens for focusing up close or at a distance (accommodation), and the ciliary processes producing aqueous humour.

Increased rednesses of the bulbar conjunctiva; usually associated with intraocular inflammation.

Folds of the ciliary body that produce aqueous fluid within the eye.

Eyelash (singular)

The outer layers of a cat's claws that are shed periodically as the claws grow. Regular trimming and scratching help remove these sheaths to keep the claws healthy.

Observable changes of a disease or condition in a patient's body, typically detected through physical examination or diagnostic tests.

Any spherical or roughly spherical bacterium.

A protein that provides structural support in in connective tissue.

CEA. A group of hereditary, congenital, hypoplastic, or dysplastic anomalies primarily affecting the choroids and sclera, and indirectly the optic disc (eg coloboma).

A process that narrows a beam of light rays to ensure they are all parallel and reach the eye simultaneously, to provide clear images. This is important in various optical imaging techniques.

Finely ground oatmeal powder that is used in baths or lotions to soothe the skin.

An eye wash.

A congenital fissure or cleft of any part of the eye or eyelid, usually due to incomplete closure of the fetal fissure. “Missing piece.”

A state of prolonged unconsciousness where an individual is unresponsive and unable to wake up. Can be caused by severe injuries, illnesses, or metabolic disturbances.

Small, flesh-colored, white, or dark bumps that signify clogged skin pores. They are often seen in dogs with seborrheic dermatitis related to Demodex mites, and in cats with chin acne.

CAER. An OFA program designed to help dog breeders identify and track hereditary eye conditions in dogs. By offering certifications conducted by board-certified veterinary ophthalmologists, CAER aids breeders in making informed decisions to promote the breeding of healthier dogs with fewer inherited eye diseases.

CBC. A thorough assessment of the cellular components of blood, providing detailed information on red cells, white cells, and platelets, which is crucial for diagnosing diseases and monitoring health.

Adherence to a treatment plan as prescribed or recommended by a veterinarian.

A behavioral health supplement for dogs, designed to help manage anxiety and promote calm behavior.

A blood test that measures various biochemical levels in the blood and helps to assess the health of organs.

CT or CT scan. A diagnostic imaging procedure using X-rays for cross-sectional body images. It is especially valuable for examining complex structures, like the skull and orbit, assisting in diagnosing eye and orbital diseases.

An incurved (center thinner than edges) lens that corrects nearsightedness by diverging light rays.

Nonparalytic strabismus that does not change in amount with different position of the eyes. (See “strabismus”).

A type of photoreceptor cell in the retina of the eye that works best in bright light to help the eye discern color and fine detail.

Present at birth.

The partial or complete fusion of the eyelids by webs of skin, present from birth that results from the failure of the eyelid margins to separate during fetal development.

The thin, clear pink membrane tissue (mucous membrane) lining the inside of the eyelids and covering the white of the eye (the sclera). It helps lubricate the eye by producing the mucin layer of the tear film. It also produces mucus in reaction to inflammation, and protects the eye from microbes, pollen, and dust. .

Conjunctival pertains to the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the front part of the eyeball. It helps protect the eye and keeps it moist by producing mucus and tears. Inflammation of the conjunctiva is commonly known as conjunctivitis.

A surgical procedure where a piece of conjunctiva (usually harvested from the patient’s own eye) is transplanted and sutured to the cornea. This method is often used to repair deep corneal wounds (ulcers and lacerations), replacing the damaged area with healthy tissue to promote healing and prevent further injury.

A type of graft in which a living “bridge” (pedicle) of conjunctival tissue from the patient’s own eye is transplanted to cover and grow into the corneal wound.

Inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, often leading to red or pink eyes, irritation, and discharge. It can be caused by various factors including allergies, bacterial or viral infections, or physical irritants.

Surgically created communications between the ventral conjunctival fornix to the mouth for the passage of tears.

The surgical establishment of a permanent drainage canal between the conjunctival sac and the nasal cavity.

Collagen, elastic, or reticular tissue that supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs. In the eye, connective tissue helps maintain the shape of structures such as the sclera and cornea.

cPLR. Sometimes called the indirect pupillary light reflex. The pupillary response of an eye that occurs when light stimulates the fellow eye.

Miosis. Narrowing of the pupil in response to light or induced by certain medications. This is a response typically controlled by the muscles of the iris, which regulate the amount of light entering the eye.

A disease spread from one animal to another by direct or indirect contact.

Refers to the ability to control the release of feces and urine.

Blunt trauma to the eye.

Turning of the two eyes toward each other.

An outcurved (center thicker than edges) lens that corrects farsightedness by converging light rays.

A type of small aquatic crustacean found in both fresh and saltwater environments, often serving as a significant part of the aquatic food web. Copepods are key in transferring nutrients from microscopic algae to larger animals such as fish.

A type of small aquatic crustaceans found in both fresh and saltwater environments, often serving as a significant part of the aquatic food web. Copepods are key in transferring nutrients from microscopic algae to larger animals such as fish.

Refers to the behavior of consuming feces, occasionally seen in dogs and other species.

Dilation of the pupil resulting from disease.

Abnormal location of the pupil of the eye.

The transparent or clear tissue that covers the front part of the eye that includes the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber and bounded by the limbus. It functions to protect the inside of the eye from dirt, germs, and some ultraviolet light and helps to focus light.

Corneal pertains to the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped front surface of the eye.

Deterioration of the cornea often due to aging or injury, and sometimes leading to vision impairment

Bilateral, inherited corneal disease that is usually characterized by the deposition of materials, usually lipid substances. Must be distinguished from the unilateral corneal degeneration, which occurs secondary to other corneal diseases. Can also involve the corneal epithelium and endothelium.

Swelling of the cornea due to excess water buildup, which causes a bluish cloudiness. Can occur due to injury, inflammation, infection, aging, or inherited causes.

Corneal endothelial decompensation. A chronic condition in both eyes where the endothelial cells in the deepest layer of the cornea (endothelium) deteriorate over time seconary to age, or secondary eye diseases.

A condition where the cornea's endothelium deteriorates. It often has a genetic component and can lead to corneal cloudiness, vision problems, and eye discomfort.

A condition where an area of the outermost layer of the cornea (the epithelium) is damaged and missing. Corneal erosion can lead to discomfort, pain, and sometimes blurred vision.

A condition where an area of the outermost layer of the cornea (the epithelium) is damaged and missing. Corneal erosion can lead to discomfort, pain, and sometimes blurred vision.

Surgery in which damaged corneal tissue is removed and replaced by a graft of healthy corneal tissue from the patient's own eye, or from a donor.

Nebula – Faint spot (smallest), Macula – Definite gray or white spot (medium), Leukoma – Dense, white spot (largest).

The ability of the cornea to detect pain.

Focal superficial necrosis of the cornea, appearing usually as a heavily pigmented lesion.

Surgery to replace host cornea with corneal tissue from a donor, helping to restore the structural integrity of the cornea and potentially improving vision.

Damage or injury to the cornea that is often caused by physical harm or disease, particularly in brachycephalic breeds of dogs and cats. This can lead to pain, redness, cloudiness, excess tearing, corneal erosions, corneal stromal ulcers, corneal lacerations, uveitis, rupture of the eye, and many other ocular complications including rupture and even loss of the eye. Vision may be affected temporarily or permanently.

Sore or erosion on the clear outer surface of the eye (cornea), typically caused by injury, irritation, or bacterial infection, and may result in pain, redness, and sometimes, impaired vision.

Corneal ulceration refers to a defect or erosion in the corneal epithelium, the outer layer of the cornea.

Sores or erosions on the clear outer surface of the eye (cornea), typically caused by injury, irritation, or bacterial infection, and may result in pain, redness, and sometimes, impaired vision.

CCT. A surgical procedure used to provide structural integrity to a cornea by translocating healthy cornea into a site of unhealthy cornea.

Pigmented, irregular mass on the dorsal and occasionally, the ventral papillary margin of the iris in herbivores. Also, more recently called granula iridica.

A statistical relationship between two or more events or variables, which does not necessarily imply that one causes the other.

The outer layer of the eye’s lens involved in focusing light onto the retina.

The outer layer of an organ or structure, such as the lens, brain or a kidney.

Drugs used to reduce inflammation. Can be applied topically or taken systemically.

A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is often referred to as the "stress hormone" because it is released in response to stress and low blood-glucose concentration. It helps regulate metabolism, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure, It also helps control inflammation and assists with memory.

A brand of joint health supplement that contains glucosamine and chondroitin, designed to support the health of cartilage.

Primitive surgical practice of dislocating a cataract into the vitreous; visual improvement obtained in this way is transient since lens-induced inflammation usually destroys the eye.

Consensual pupillary light reflex. Sometimes called the indirect pupillary light reflex. The pupillary response of an eye that occurs when light stimulates the fellow eye.

Refers to an anatomical direction towards the head of an animal (also known as rostral). Opposite of caudal (direction towards the tail).

Injury to a ligament that provides cranio-caudal stability in the knee. One of the most common knee injuries in dogs, this painful injury usually require surgical intervention.

The process of reducing a pet's body to ashes using high temperatures in a specialized chamber. This method is commonly chosen by pet owners to memorialize their pets, and the ashes can be returned in an urn, made into jewelry or other icons, or scattered in a meaningful location.

A type of dental misalignment where some of the upper teeth fit inside the lower teeth rather than outside the lower teeth, when the mouth is closed.

A medical term for a scab.

A medical term for scabs.

Removal of the lens using ultracold devices.

a surgical procedure that involves the use of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. This technique often employs liquid nitrogen, although carbon dioxide and argon may also be used.

Also known as "cold therapy", is the application of extremely low temperatues to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue.

Comuted tomography, CT scan. A diagnostic imaging procedure using X-rays for cross-sectional body images. It is especially valuable for examining complex structures, like the skull and orbit, assisting in diagnosing eye and orbital diseases.

CT, CT scan. A diagnostic imaging procedure using X-rays for cross-sectional body images. It is especially valuable for examining complex structures, like the skull and orbit, assisting in diagnosing eye and orbital diseases.

A medical procedure where the surface layer of an organ or tissue is scraped away, often to remove tumors, unhealthy tissue, or for diagnostic purposes.

A hormonal condition where the adrenal glands produce an excessive amount of cortisol, either secondary to an adrenal or pituitary tumor. This hormonal imbalance can lead to various signs in dogs, such as increased thirst and urination, increased appetite, hair loss, and a pot-bellied appearance. It's often seen in middle-aged to older dogs and requires careful diagnosis and lifetime management.

An itchy rash that is caused by worm larvae.

Inflammation of the ciliary body.

Antiglaucoma operation that partially destroys the ciliary body by freezing, thereby reducing aqueous formation.

Freezing of the ciliary body to decrease aqueous production.

The establishment of communication between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space in order to relieve intraocular pressure.

Glaucoma surgery; cauterization of the ciliary body to decrease aqueous production.

Situation in which the ciliary muscle is put at rest resulting in paralysis of accommodation.

A drug that temporarily paralyzes the ciliary muscles and sphincter muscles of the eye, resulting in paralysis of accommodation and dilatation of the pupil. Atropine and Tropicamide are cycloplegics.

A medication that suppresses the immune system, sometimes used to treat atopic dermatitis, a skin condition often associated with allergies.

The medical term for Hydatid Disease, highlighting the cystic nature of the infection and its causative agent, the Echinococcus tapeworm.

Sac-like pockets of membranous tissue containing fluid, air, or other substances. They can form anywhere in the body and might be benign or malignant, but many are harmless and don't require treatment.

The study of cells under a microscope to detect abnormalities. It can help diagnose infections, immune-mediated diseases, and neoplasia (abnormal growth) in various tissues.

Lokivetmab, Cytopoint ®. A canine monoclonal antibody given by injection at veterinary clinics that helps to control itching.

Inflammation of the lacrimal gland.

Inflammation of the lacrimal sac.

DCR. The surgical establishment of a permanent drainage canal between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity.

Tiny particles of skin, hair, or feathers shed by animals (such as cats or dogs) that can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals .

A commercial nutritional supplement used in veterinary medicine to support joint health in dogs and cats.

Nyctalopia or blindness in low-light intensities.

A protective response in which an animal blinks or squints in reaction to a sudden bright light. This reflex does not rely on the animal’s cooperation or visual focus. A positive reflex implies that the facial nerve is intact (for blinking) and that the retina, optic nerve, and brainstem are intact enough to respond to light, even if the animal cannot consciously "see" the light.

Dilated cardiomyopathy. Enlargement and thinning of the heart muscle that leads to decreased heart function secondary to the ineffective ability to pump blood.

Dacryocytorhinostomy. The surgical establishment of a permanent drainage canal between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity.

Differential diagnosis. A systematic method used by veterinarians and medical professionals to identify a disease or condition in a patient. It involves listing all possible diagnoses that could explain the patient’s symptoms, then narrowing down the list by ruling out each condition based on clinical evidence, tests, and other diagnostic tools.

Debridement involves the removal of damaged, dead, or infected tissue from a wound or surface to promote healing.

Baby teeth, also called primary, or milk teeth. The first set of teeth in puppies and kittens, usually fully erupted by 6 weeks of age.

The deterioration or failure of an organ or system that was previously functioning adequately.

A conclusive and specific determination of a medical condition or disease, usually reached through examination, testing, and analysis.

A state where there is a lack of water in the tissues.

A condition in which an animal has lost a significant amount of body fluids, often leading to impaired bodily functions and requiring immediate medical attention.

A condition where the body lacks sufficient water, leading to thirst, dry mouth, and reduced urine output. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening.

Commonly known as ringworm, dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, or nails. It must be differentiated from demodicosis, as it can present with similar signs.

Demodicosis or "red mange." An inflammatory skin disease in dogs and cats caused by an overgrowth of Demodex mites in the skin and hair follicles to cause itching, escessive ear debris, headshaking, sores and hair loss.

A species of Demodex mites in cats, often linked to cats with weakened immune systems, causing hair loss without significant itching.

A species of Demodex mites in cats, causing itchy skin, hair loss, and possible transmission between cats.

Parasitic mite living in the hair follicles and on the skin of cats and dogs.

A skin condition caused by infestation of the Demodex mite which can lead to various skin problems in dogs and cats.

Commonly known as cavities, these are areas of tooth decay caused by harmful bacteria breaking down the tooth's structure.

Usually refers to the visible part of a tooth above the gum line, covered in enamel. Can also refer to a protective cap or restoration placed over a damaged or decayed tooth to restore its shape, function, and appearance. Crowns are rarely used in veterinary dentistry to preserve or protect a pet's tooth after trauma or wear, and are done by a veterinary dental specialist.

Tiny, fluid-filled channels found within a tooth's dentin layer. They transmit nerve signals and nutrients between the tooth's outer and inner layers.

A fluid-filled sac that forms around the crown of an unerupted or partially erupted tooth, which can cause swelling or damage to surrounding bone and tissue.

The ability, using one eye or two, to judge the distance between two objects and to see objects in three dimensions.

Inflammation of the skin that can lead to itching, redness, and swelling. It can be caused by allergies, infections, or other skin conditions.

Refers to any condition or disease that affects the skin, including skin infections, allergies, and other skin disorders.

A congenital growth (choristoma) consisting of skin and its dermal appendages. Primarily involves the cornea in dogs.

Strong but thin, elastic layer of the deepest portion of cornea located between the stroma and the endothelium.

Also called Haab’s Striae. Horizontal or curvilinear breaks in Decemete's membrane caused by acute stretching of the globe during glaucoma.

Extreme focal thinning of the cornea with exposure and sometimes protrusion of Decemete's membrane.

The process of gradually exposing a pet to stress-inducing situations to reduce their sensitivity (reactivity) over time.

A condition where the cornea becomes less sensitive, reducing the dog's reflex to protect the eye. Two common causes are 1) constant exposure due to prominent eyes and poor blink; and 2) loss of nerve supply.

Separation of one layer of the eye from the adjacent one.

The claw on the inner aspect of a cat or dog's foot, similar to a human thumb, which usually requires trimming, since it does not wear against the ground like the other toenails. Some polydactyl cats have more than one dewclaw and some breeds of dogs are required to have double dewclaws. Dewclaws in dogs are often removed when they are very young puppies, although this may be falling out of favor.

Short for docosahexaenoic acid, a type of omega-3 fatty acid essential for brain development, cognitive function, and eye health in both young and adult animals.

DM or diabetes mellitus. A metabolic disease that affects how the body uses blood sugar (glucose) as a fuel. Occurs when the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin, and is a common cause of blinding cataracts in dogs.

DM: A metabolic disease that affects how the body uses blood sugar (glucose) as a fuel. Occurs when the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin, and is a common cause of blinding cataracts in dogs.

DKA: A potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when the body breaks down fat for energy due to insufficient insulin, leading to a buildup of ketones in the blood.

The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the clinical changes.

A clear, curved glass used to clearly visualize the posterior aspect of the eye, including the retina.

Retinal tear at the ora ciliaris retinae, with separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium.

A low-powered, hand-held polishing burr that is brushed over the ulcerated corneal surface used to alters the surface, allowing healing to progress.

A procedure using a diamond burr to remove abnormal or non-adherent epithelial cells from the cornea.

"deep heating". A medical and surgical technique involving the production of heat in a part of the body by high-frequency electric currents, to stimulate circulation, relieve pain, destroy unhealthy tissue, or clot blood.

Other possible conditions that appear similarly and must be ruled out.

A diffuser, in the context of pheromones, is a plug-in device used to disperse species-specific synthetic pheromones into the air to mimic natural calming pheromones that cats and dogs both naturally emit and detect. This can help reduce stress-related behaviors and create a calming environment.

A procedure performed by a veterinarian, to manually empty, or express, the contents of the anal sacs.

A physical examination technique where a vet uses fingers and hands to check a dog's external, and reachable internal, structures for any abnormalities or signs of discomfort.

The process of the pupil widening to allow more light into the eye.

The process of widening or expanding, often referring to the dilation of blood vessels or pupils in response to various stimuli.

For the eye, dilated refers to pupils that are larger than normal.

DCM. Enlargement and thinning of the heart muscle that leads to decreased heart function secondary to the ineffective ability to pump blood.

In a medical context, dilation refers to the expansion or widening of a structure in the body, such as blood vessels, airways, or pupils. This can occur naturally, in response to various stimuli or conditions, or be induced medically for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. In pupils: dilation is also known as mydriasis.

The unit in which the refracting power of a lens is designated, being the reciprocal of the focal length expressed in meters. A two diopter lens has a focal distance of one-half meter.

Double vision, seeing one object as two.

A method of applying a liquid solution to the dog's coat for treatment.

A common tapeworm in dogs and cats that produces barrel-shaped segments, known as proglottids. It may show resistance to the drug praziquantel.

Examination of the back of the eye using a self-contained ophthalmoscope. The image obtained is upright and approxaimtely 12-15 times magnified.

Constriction of the pupil in response to light shone directly into the eye.

Portion of the optic nerve visible with an ophthalmoscope.

“Needling” or multiple penetrations made into a cataractous lens with a surgical blade and usually for the purpose of lens aspiration.

DMOAD: A medication specifically designed to slow down the progression of osteoarthritis and modify the disease by targeting the underlying mechanisms that contribute to joint degeneration, preserving cartilage, and reducing inflammation.

dmoad. A medication specifically designed to slow down the progression of osteoarthritis and modify the disease by targeting the underlying mechanisms that contribute to joint degeneration, preserving cartilage, and reducing inflammation.

Extra eyelashes that grow to exit the eyelids at the meibomian gland openings. These hairs often cause irritation to the eye.

Abnormal growth of hairs from the oil glands (meibomian glands) of the eyelids, where these extra hairs may touch the surface of the eye, causing discomfort, eye irritation, and potentially leading to corneal damage or ulcers.

Diabetic ketoacidosis. A potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when the body breaks down fat for energy due to insufficient insulin, leading to a buildup of ketones in the blood.

Diabetes mellitus. A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production or ineffective insulin utilization.

Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug: A medication specifically designed to slow down the progression of osteoarthritis and modify the disease by targeting the underlying mechanisms that contribute to joint degeneration, preserving cartilage, and reducing inflammation.

A term used in physical anthropology, biology, and medicine to describe a shape of skull that is longer than it is wide, especially in dogs with long, narrow heads and muzzles.

A type of avermectin, doramectin is a medication used to treat various parasitic infections. It is often administered through injections or topically.

The uppermost portion of the body in animals, stretching from back of the neck to the base of the tail. It is a common site for certain skin conditions.

A tool used to grind down a dog’s nails instead of cutting them, offering a smooth finish and potentially less stress for the dog, especially useful for dogs with dark nails where the quick is difficult to see.

KCS, keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Poor tear production and/or quality leading to a dry ocular surface that can result in discomfort, conjunctivitis, mucoid discharge, keratitis with or without corneal ulcers, corneal and/or conjunctival pigmentation, and potential blindness.

KCS, keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Poor tear production and/or quality leading to a dry ocular surface that can result in discomfort, conjunctivitis, mucoid discharge, keratitis with or without corneal ulcers, corneal and/or conjunctival pigmentation, and potential blindness.

An irregularly-shaped pupil.

An abnormality of development; alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells.

An inability to control or regulate emotional, physiologic, or metabolic responses.

Diseases where genetic mutations cause abnormal development or growth of tissue, muscle, or bone.

Elizabethan collar. A protective medical device shaped like a cone and worn on an animal's head to aid in healing and recovery by restricting scratching, rubbing, or otherwise bothering an injury or wound.

A diagnostic test where typically a cotton swab is wiped in the ear, then rolled on a glass slide, and examined under a microscope. It is used to detect infections, mites, and other ear problems.

A bacterial or yeast overgrowth in the outer, middle, or inner ear usually characterized by inflammation, discomfort, and sometimes hearing loss.

Microscopic mites, usually Otodectes cynotis, that infest the ear canals of animals, causing discomfort and itchiness, and generate crusty black debris in the ear canals.

Benign growths that develop in the ear canal, causing symptoms like aural discomfort, recurrent ear infections, and even hearing loss.

A genus of tapeworms that can cause hydatid disease in humans, which is potentially fatal. Their proglottids are microscopic.

Distention or dilation of a hollow structure, eg, scleral ectasia = a thin bulging area of the sclera.

Tiny abnormal hairs that grow from the inner surface of the eyelid, pointing inward towards the eye. Ectopic cilia often cause significant pain and corneal ulcers, and can impair vision. Most common in young dogs.

An abnormal eyelash that grows from the conjunctiva inside the eyelid and touches the eyeball, potentially causing discomfort or damage.

Displacement of the lens partially (subluxated) or fully (luxated) out of the normal lens space behind the iris.

A condition where the lower eyelid rolls outward, creating poor blink function and exposure of the underlying cornea and conjunctiva. Common in certain breeds such as Basset Hounds and Bloodhounds, ectropion can lead to dry eye, irritation, and corneal damage. Often present in combination with entropion.

Swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in tissues, including the cornea.

Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis. An immune-mediated inflammatory condition that affects both the cornea and the conjunctiva to result in blood vessel and cellular infiltration into the conjunctiva and cornea.

A surgical technique that uses electric current to cauterize, or burn and seal, tissue. Often used to reduce bleeding during procedures.

Mineral salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions. These ions can be either positively (cations) or negatively (anions) charged. Electrolytes play a crucial role in regulating chemical reactions, maintaining fluid balance inside and outside cells, and supporting various bodily functions.

EOG. Recording of the electrical potential of the whole eye.

Recording of retinal electrical potentials generated by a rapid change in illumination. Divided into flash and pattern types.

E collar. A protective medical device shaped like a cone and worn on an animal's head to aid in healing and recovery by restricting scratching, rubbing, or otherwise bothering an injury or wound.

Normal refraction state of the eye, when parallel rays are focused on the retina.

A component of a topical medication for cats, used with praziquantel for treating tapeworms.

Performing phacoemulsification through a small anterior capsule opening or “in the bag.”

A dental procedure that treats infections or damage inside the tooth by removing the pulp, cleaning and sealing the root canal to preserve the tooth. Usually done by a veterinary dental specialist.

Refers to the inside of the tooth, including the pulp chamber and root canals. Endodontic treatments, like root canals, address problems in this system.

Refers to teeth that have undergone endodontic therapy or a root canal procedure. During this treatment, the infected pulp inside the tooth is removed, cleaned, and then sealed.

Inflammation of all of the inner structures of the eye.

Cells that line the innermost surface of the cornea, the endothelium.

The innermost layer of the cornea, closest to the aqueous humor, that function to maintain corneal dehydration.

A flexible tube inserted into the trachea to maintain an open airway for pets undergoing anesthetic dental procedures. Also used in some emergency situations.

The condition where the eyeball is recessed and sits deeper within the bony socket of the skull.

Recession of the eyeball into the orbit.

A condition whereby the eyelid margin rolls inward, causing the eyelashes and eyelid hair to rub against the surface of the eye, leading to discomfort, corneal ulcers, and potential vision impairment.

Surgical removal of the eye.

Allergic reactions caused by environmental factors such as pollen, dust mites, or mold spores.

A specialized toothpaste designed for pets that contains enzymes to help break down plaque and tartar, improving oral hygiene without the need for rinsing, and is safe to be swallowed.

A protein molecule that speeds up specific chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes are essential for various metabolic processes, such as digestion, energy production, and cell repair.

Proteins that act as catalysts in the body to speed up metabolism (chemical reactions) without being consumed themselves. They build some substances and break down others.

Electooculogram. Recording of the electrical potential of the whole eye.

A pattern of lesions on the skin and in the oral cavity in cats. Commonly misnamed ‘rodent ulcers’, these lesions can become large and disfiguring. Diagnosed by fine needle aspiration or biopsy, they show infiltration by cells called eosinophils. Steroids are the most common treatment.

EK. An immune-mediated inflammatory condition that affects both the cornea and the conjunctiva to result in blood vessel and cellular infiltration into the conjunctiva and cornea.

Short for eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid known for its anti-inflammatory properties, supporting joint health, skin health, and overall well-being.

Manual removal by forceps of cilia (eyelashes).

Excessive tear production.

A thin layer of tissue located between the sclera and the conjunctiva.

Inflammation of the episclera.

The outermost layer of cells covering and protecting various surfaces in the body, including the cornea.

Cells that cover the surfaces of the eye and body, including the cornea and conjunctiva.

Tissue composed of a layer of cells, including the corneal epithelium, which is the eye’s outermost layer and first defense against infection.

Midportion of the globe or edges of the lens.

Recurrent (or chronic) inflammation of the uveal tract in the horse.

Electroretinogram.

Superficial redness of the skin, usually in patches, and typically caused by dilation of blood capillaries in response to irritation or injury.

Cross-eye, an inward deviation of the visual axis of an eye (convergent strabismus).

Euglycemic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes. It occurs when the body can’t produce enough insulin, leading to the breakdown of fat as fuel which results in a buildup of ketones in the bloodstream.

Also known as macroblepharon. Abnormally long eyelids which result in an abnormally large palpebral fissure (eyelid opening).

Often called "putting an animal to sleep," euthanasia is the act of humanely ending an animal's life to prevent suffering or pain. It's a decision often made when medical treatment no longer provides relief or when the animal's quality of life has deteriorated.

Often referred to as having "put an animal to sleep," the act of humanely ending an animal's life.

Kink-like, outward bending of the distal part of the cartilage of the nictitating membrane. Also called “scrolling” of the cartilage. Usually rolls outwards in dogs. Rare in cats.

The surgical removal of the contents of the eye with retention of the cornea and sclera.

Training a pet to become comfortable with being examined by familiarizing them with being touched and handled, especially in sensitive areas.

The surgical removal of the eyeball and all soft tissues within the bony orbit.

Abnormal protrusion of the globe out of the orbit (vs. enophthalmos).

A form of strabismus (eye misalignment) in which one or both of the eyes turn outward.

Inflammation and frequent abscessation of the glands of Zeis and Moll.

Lens protein (cortex and nucleus) extraction without removal of the entire lens capsule.

Outside of the eye.

Refers to the production of fluid (exudate) that leaks out of blood vessels due to inflammation or injury.

An eye certification examination is a screening process that assesses the health of the eyes, often focusing on detecting hereditary eye diseases.

Documents or evaluations that certify the health and condition of the eyes, often for animals like dogs to ensure they are free from hereditary eye diseases.

A reflection of light from the tapetum lucidum in dogs and cats, which is a reflective layer behind the retina in dogs, cats, and other animals that enhances their night vision, giving their eyes a glowing appearance in low light conditions. This phenomenon helps animals see better in low light, but can become less noticeable if conditions like cataracts block the light from being reflected back out through the pupil.

A congenital condition where part or all of the eyelid is missing.

Cuts or tears in the eyelid skin, which can affect the animal's ability to blink and protect the eye.

Folds of skin that cover and protect the eye; they also spread tear film evenly over the eye surface when blinking.

Hyperopia, hypermetropia. A vision condition where distant objects are seen clearly but near ones are blurred. It occurs when shortening of the eye or flattening of the cornea make light focus behind the retina instead of on it.

Hepatic lipidosis. A metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of fat in liver cells, which can impair liver function. Can be triggered by stess or a period of not eating.

A diagnostic test to detect parasite eggs and microscopic parasites in feces.

Stool samples used for diagnostic testing.

A medical device used to provide nutrition directly into the esophagus or stomach when an animal cannot eat on its own. It ensures the pet receives necessary nutrients and calories during recovery or chronic illness.

A common disease in cats, and less commonly in horses, where a dead piece of corneal tissue forms a dark plaque of varying density on the cornea. This plaque can cause discomfort or pain, and if left untreated, it may result in further complications like infection or corneal perforation.

FHV-1. A common viral infection unique to cats, causing respiratory and/or eye-related problems such as painful conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers and/or keratitis that can be chronic and/or recurrent.

A virus similar to HIV in humans, affecting cats. It weakens the cat's immune system, making them more susceptible to infections.

A retrovirus that affects cats, causing a range of ailments from immunosuppression to cancer. It is transmitted through saliva, blood, and, less commonly, urine and feces.

FORLs. Also known as tooth resorbtive lesions, cervical line lesions, or cavities. A common and painful dental condition in cats where the tooth structure breaks down due to the activity of odontoclasts, which are cells that normally help remodel bone. This condition leads to the gradual destruction of the affected teeth, causing pain, inflammation, and potentially tooth loss. Treatment usually involves extraction of the affected teeth to relieve pain and prevent further complications.

A product designed to help reduce stress and anxiety in cats by mimicking feline facial pheromone, which is released from facial glands when cats rub their cheeks on objects, signaling that an area is safe and familiar. Feliway mimics these pheromones, helping to create a calming environment to manage behavioral issues such as scratching, spraying, or aggression between cats.

A drug used in dogs and cats to treat parasites, including tapeworms. It can also be used in the treatment of PLC (Peritoneal Larval Cestodiasis), though often not curative for this disease.

Feline Herpes Virus -1. A common viral infection unique to cats, causing respiratory and/or eye-related problems such as painful conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers and/or keratitis that can be chronic and/or recurrent.

A type of carbohydrate found in plants that aids digestion and regulates bowel movements; it can be either soluble (dissolves in water) or insoluble (adds bulk to stools).

A tough flexible glue-like protein that typically mixes with blood to form a blood clot.

Fibrin formed inside the eye in the absence of blood to seal corneal wounds.

A malignant tumor composed of fibroblasts, which are cells responsible for producing connective tissue in the body. This type of cancer most commonly affects the soft tissues, including muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

FOV. The area that can be seen by one eye (monocular field of view) or both eyes (binocular field of view) when the eye(s) is (are) fixed on a point.

Circular system behind the pectinate ligament and in the ciliary cleft through which aqueous drains from the inner eye.

An abnormal connection between two body parts, often formed secondary to an infection. Once formed, a fistula usually needs surgerical correction to heal.

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV). A virus similar to HIV in humans, affecting cats. It weakens the cat's immune system, making them more susceptible to infections.

Long, slender, whip-like appendages that protrude from the cell body of certain organisms, including bacteria, protozoa, and some animal cells. They function primarily for locomotion, allowing these cells to move through liquid environments with a characteristic undulating or propeller-like motion.

Flaking refers to the shedding of dead skin cells from the surface of the skin, often seen as dandruff in pets.

Haziness or cloudiness of the aqueous and/or vitreous, often with floating particles, due to increased protein and cells from uveitis.

A term used to describe the small, black, pepper-like specks that are actually flea feces, made up of undigested blood.

Flea preventatives or prophylactics are products in the form of topical liquids, oral tablets, or collars, that are applied to pets, and are the safest and most effective approach towards safeguarding animals from flea infestations.

Small particles, typically calcium, floating in the vitreous.

A diagnostic dye used to detect corneal ulcers. When applied to the eye, it stains damaged or ulcerated areas of the cornea, making them visible under a blue light.

A diagnostic test using fluorescin stain (a harmless orange dye) applied to the eye to highlight any damage to the cornea such as ulcers or scratches.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used topically to treat eye inflammation.

The ability of the eye to adjust its lens to make images clear.

Small localized white/grey aggregations of cell – typically immune cells caused by irritation associated most commonly with allergies or viral infections.

Inflammation of hair follicles or conjunctivial tissue which can lead to pustules (skin) or blisters (conjunctiva) and discomfort.

Subsequent appointments or examinations to monitor progress and ensure the effectiveness of treatment.

A diagnostic process that involves removing certain allergenic foods or food components such as proteins from a pet's diet, and monitoring the pet for response, in order to evaluate whether or not the pet is allergic to certain foods.

Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions. Also known as tooth resorbtive lesions, cervical line lesions, or cavities. A common and painful dental condition in cats where the tooth structure breaks down due to the activity of odontoclasts, which are cells that normally help remodel bone. This condition leads to the gradual destruction of the affected teeth, causing pain, inflammation, and potentially tooth loss. Treatment usually involves extraction of the affected teeth to relieve pain and prevent further complications.

The junction of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva.

Field of view. The area that can be seen by one eye (monocular field of view) or both eyes (binocular field of view) when the eye(s) is (are) fixed on a point.

A focal region of highly concentrated cone photoreceptors that are highly sensitive to motion in bright light.

Highly unstable reactive molecules with unpaired electrons, produced during cellular metabolism. While the body normally neutralizes them, an imbalance can lead to oxidative stress, damaging cells, proteins, and DNA. Antioxidant supplementation can neutralize harmful free radicals in the body.

The product of glucose binging to proteins. It serves as an indicator of average blood sugar levels over the past few weeks.

The most posterior view of the eye that includes the optic nerve, retina, retinal blood vessels, tapetum, non-tapetrum, and sometimes the choroidal blood vessels.

A diagnostic test in which a skin or hair sample is taken and cultured in the clinic or lab for a number of days in order to see if a fungus such as dermatophyte sp. (ringworm) will grow.

The area where the roots of a multi-rooted tooth diverge or separate, which can become exposed due to periodontal disease, leading to increased tooth instability and difficulty in cleaning.

A skin condition characterized by the development of painful boils or abscesses in hair follicles, often associated with bacterial infections.

The process whereby the brain coordinates the images received by the two eyes into one image.

Oral drug prescribed for dogs and cats. Indications for use: neuropathic pain, seizures, and sedation (especially in fractious cats). Warning: Gabapentin oral liquid may contain xylitol, which is toxic to dogs; carefuly look at drug formulations before administering to your pet.

Also called bloat. A life-threatening condition in animals where the stomach turns, or rotates, and can twist on itself. This condition requires immediate veterinary attention and often surgery to correct. Bloat occurs when the stomach dilates dangerously, and can lead to torsion, or be a result of torsion.

Anything related to the stomach and intestines.

Disorders affecting the digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and associated organs like the liver and pancreas. Symptoms and effects can range from mild discomfort to severe, life-threatening conditions, and these diseases can impact digestion, nutrient absorption, and overall health.

Gene mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. These changes can be natural or induced and may affect the structure and function of proteins, potentially leading to genetic disorders or variations.

A treatment approach that involves modifying or manipulating the genetic material of cells to treat or prevent disease.

Generalized' describes a condition that affects a large part of the body or occurs systemically (synonym: systemic)

A gene is a basic unit of heredity in a living organism. Genes, which are made up of DNA, carry instructions for producing proteins that determine the physical and biochemical traits of an organism.

Relating to genes or heredity, the study of how traits are passed from one generation to another.

The gums, or mucosal tissue that lie over the mandible and maxilla inside the mouth.

An abnormal thickening or overgrowth of gum tissue in animals, commonly observed in dogs. This condition, often linked to the use of certain medications or chronic inflammation, can impede normal eating and oral hygiene, sometimes necessitating its surgical removal.

Also called the gingival sulcus. The natural crevice or space between the gum and the tooth. In periodontal disease this pocket becomes deeper and wider as plaque develops, and bacteria and food particulates accumulate and cause gingivitis.

The measured depth of the space or pocket between the gum (gingiva) and the tooth before the gum attaches to the tooth.

Also called the gingival pocket. The natural crevice or space between the gum and the tooth. In periodontal disease this pocket becomes deeper and wider as plaque develops, and bacteria and food particulates accumulate and cause gingivitis.

The surgical removal of gingival (gum) tissue to treat gum disease or to improve the appearance of the gingiva, often performed to reduce deep gingival pockets.

Inflammation of the gums (gingiva).

A surgical procedure that reshapes the gingiva (gum tissue) for cosmetic or health reasons, often to create a more natural contour of the gums around the teeth.

Apocrine (sweat) glands near the eyelid margin. When inflamed, a stye (or external hordeolum) is observed).

Sebaceous glands of the eyelid margins. When inflamed, a stye (or external hordeolum) is observed).

Irregularly scattered light that interferes with the focused retinal picture and reduces visual activity.

A long-acting modified form of insulin used to manage diabetes.

Abnormally increased intraocular pressure that is incompatible with ocular health, leading to vision loss caused by damage to the optic nerve. Typically, the retina is also affected. Regular measurement of IOP (Intraocular Pressure) is crucial for early detection and management of glaucoma.

A class of medications used to treat a form of diabetes that work by increasing urinary excretion of glucose.

An oral diabetes medication that helps control blood sugar levels by stimulating insulin production in the pancreas.

A compound often included in joint supplements that promotes healthy cartilage and helps reduce joint pain and inflammation in pets.

Glucose, also known as blood sugar, is both the simplest sugar and the primary energy source for cells.

Graphical representations of blood glucose levels over time, often used to monitor changes after meals or during specific treatments.

A numerical scale that ranks carbohydrate-containing foods based on their impact on blood sugar levels. Foods with a higher glycemic index cause faster blood sugar spikes.

GRCA. The official AKC national breed club for Golden Retrievers, providing resources and support for breeders, owners, and enthusiasts.

GRPU. An inflammatory eye disease recognized in Golden Retrievers, characterized by pigment dispersion on the lens and iris, leading to vision loss.

Congenital deformity of the iridocorneal drainage angle.

A special type of contact lens that permits examination of the periphery of the anterior chamber; study of this portion of the eye is of importance in patients with glaucoma.

The technique whereby a corneal contact lens is utilized to examine the angle of the anterior chamber (iridocorneal angle).

Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. Gram-negative bacteria tend to become established later in the disease process and produce the strong sulfur odor of halitosis.

Pigmented mass on the edge of the upper and the lower pupil in herbivores.

Connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form during the healing process of wounds, providing a foundation for tissue repair.

An inflammatory nodule typically comprised of macrophages and caused by infectious or non-infectious agents. Macrophages normally engulf and destroy pathogens or foreign material. Granulomas form in chronic disease when the immune system fails to eliminate substances it perceives as foreign.

A type of inflammatory response characterized by the formation of granulomas. This response is generally chronic and part of the body's defense mechanism against bacteria, fungi, parasites, foreign materials, or auto-immune disease. Granulomatous inflammation can occur in all tissues of the body.

Golden Retriever Club of America – GRCA. The official AKC national breed club for Golden Retrievers, providing resources and support for breeders, owners, and enthusiasts.

Striate keratotomy. A surgical procedure to treat non-healing corneal ulcers by making grid-like incisions on the cornea’s surface to promote healing.

Golden Retriever Pigmentary Uveitis. An inflammatory eye disease recognized in Golden Retrievers, characterized by pigment dispersion on the lens and iris, leading to vision loss.

A rubber-like substance derived from the sap of certain tropical trees. In dentistry, it's commonly used to fill the space inside the root canal after the removal of infected pulp.

Also called Descemete's streaks or tears. Horizontal or curvilinear breaks in Decemete's membrane caused by acute stretching of the globe during glaucoma.

Hyperaderenocorticism, Cushing's syndrome. A hormonal condition where the adrenal glands produce an excessive amount of cortisol, either secondary to an adrenal or pituitary tumor which can lead to various signs in dogs (increased thirst, urination, appetite, hair loss, and a pot-bellied appearance). It's often seen in middle-aged to older dogs and requires careful diagnosis and lifetime management.

The hairs along a dog or cat’s neck and back that rise when the animal is excited, fearful, or feeling threatened or aggressive.

A small tubular cavity in the skin from which hair grows.

Tiny sacs in the skin from which hair grows. They have an attached sebaceous gland which can become clogged, leading to skin problems.

Pulling out hair for examination under a microscope.

Bad breath.

Lay term for the third eyelid (please do not use).

Also known as atrioventricular (AV) block: Impaired transmission of electrical signals from the heart's upper chambers (the atria) to its lower chambers (the ventricles). This interruption affects the heart's ability to beat properly and efficiently. Heart blocks can occur at various levels of severity and are classified into three main types.

The number of heartbeats per minute. (unit of measure: bpm = beats per minute).

A parasitic worm (Dirofilaria immitis) that is transmitted through mosquito bites and can live in the heart, lungs, and blood vessels of infected animals, causing potentially severe damage to these organs if untreated. Heartworms are potentially fatal and can infect both dogs and cats.

A measure of the proportion of red blood cells in the blood.

A localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels, usually in liquid form within the tissue. It can result from injury or disease, leading to swelling, pain, and discoloration in the affected area.

A hematoma is a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, typically in liquid form within the tissue.

Day blindness.

Loss of approximately one-half of the visual field (most applicable in primates).

The iron-containing protein in red blood cells which transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, and returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs for exhalation. It gives red blood cells their color and is critical for maintaining life.

The medical term for bleeding.

Human eye medications approved by the FDA specifically for treating eye conditions in humans, such as dry eyes, infections, glaucoma, and allergies, and may include drops, ointments, or gels.

Fatty liver disease: A metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of fat in liver cells, which can impair liver function. Can be triggered by stess or a period of not eating.

Animals that primarily consume plant-based diets, including leaves, fruits, vegetables, and grains, and have specialized digestive systems to break down fibrous plant material.

Hereditary refers to traits or conditions that are passed from parents to their offspring through genes.

A trait or condition that can be passed from parents to their offspring through genes.

A condition where the cushioning disc between two vertebrae (the bones that make up the spine) bulges or ruptures. This can cause pressure on spinal nerves, muscle spasms, paralysis, and severe pain. Immediate veterinary consultation is advised if a herniated disc is suspected, as it can significantly impact an animal's short-term and long-term well-being and mobility.

A condition where the cushioning disc between the vertebrae in the spine ruptures and extrudes into the spinal canal. This can cause severe pain and, in some cases, loss of movement in parts of the body.

Irides of different color or having two colors in the same iris.

A manifest (always present) deviation of the eye in any direction; usually described as eso-, exo-, hyper-, or hypo-.

w/d. Hill's Prescription Diet w/d is clinically tested to manage conditions responsive to fiber, support urinary health, and maintain a healthy immune system with antioxidants and L-carnitine to promote fat metabolism and muscle maintenance. It features moderately high fiber to enhance satiety and stabilize blood glucose levels in dogs or cats needing glucose management, plus the S+OXSHIELD seal to minimize the risk of urinary crystals. Make sure you use the dog version for dogs and cat version for cats. Do not use them interchangeably.

W/D. A specific high-fiber pet food that can aid in anal sac health by bulking up stools, helping the anal sacs to express normally with each bowel movement.

A multifactorial disorder characterized by hip joint laxity (looseness), osteoarthritis, and degeneration. This leads to pain, lameness, and decreased mobility in dogs.

Abnormal exaggeration of the rhythmic contraction and dilation of the pupil.

An abnormal condition in animals, particularly dogs and horses, where they experience excessive hair growth. It often indicates hormonal imbalances including Cushing's disease (hyperadrenocorticism), or other endocrine issues.

The microscopic study of biopsied tissues damaged by disease to determine the severity and extent of tissue damage and to help diagnose diseases.

The joint in the hind legs of animals with four feet equivalent to the human ankle. This joint is crucial for movement and bearing weight.

Indicates involvement of the same side of the two visual fields (for example, right homonymous hemianopia).

Parasitic worms that live in the intestines of animals, including dogs and humans. They can cause infection by penetrating the skin or being ingested, leading to symptoms like diarrhea, anemia, and abdominal pain.

An infection or abscess of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid.

An infection or abscess of a meibomian gland of the eyelid.

Chemical messengers, produced by various glands in the body, that regulate various physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

A nonpainful neurologic condition , caused by a break or irritation of sympathetic tone to the eye. Horner’s Syndrome usually occurs in one eye and is associated with clinical signs that include drooping upper eyelid, constricted pupil, reddened (congested) conjunctiva, sunken-in eye, and usually an elevated (protruded) third eyelid.

HEMs. Medications approved by the FDA specifically for treating eye conditions in humans, such as dry eyes, infections, glaucoma, and allergies, and may include drops, ointments, or gels.

A physician who is a specialist and addresses all medical and surgical issues with the eyes in addition to the services provided by optometrists. Ophthalmologists complete 4 years of undergraduate college and 4 years of medical school, followed by a 1-year internship and 3-year residency, often followed by a fellowship for additional training. Ophthalmologists are the only physicians specifically trained to diagnose and treat all eye and visual problems, including vision services (glasses and contacts) and provide treatment and prevention of medical disorders of the eye including surgery.

A thin membrane that forms on the surface of the corneal stroma, obstructing healing.

Inflammation of the vitreous body.

Vitreous.

The vascular supply to the embryonic lens, extending from the optic disc to the posterior lens capsule.

A potential space passing through the center of the vitreous from the lens to the optic disc; in the embryo it contains the hyaloid vessels.

The thin surface condensation of the vitreous which serves both to contain vitreous and separate it from the posterior aqueous chamber.

A parasitic infection caused by the larvae of certain tapeworms, primarily affecting the liver and lungs in humans and animals. It leads to the formation of cysts in these organs.

Another term for Hydatid Disease, referring to the condition where cysts form in the body due to a tapeworm larvae infection.

Same as Buphthalmos, but usually used in reference to congenital glaucoma.

A hormonal condition where the adrenal glands produce an excessive amount of cortisol, either secondary to an adrenal or pituitary tumor. This hormonal imbalance can lead to various signs in dogs, such as increased thirst and urination, increased appetite, hair loss, and a pot-bellied appearance. It's often seen in middle-aged to older dogs and requires careful diagnosis and lifetime management. Also known as Cushing's disease.

A condition characterized by excessive production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands that can lead to high blood pressure and electrolyte imbalances.

An excess of blood in vessels supplying an organ, often marked by redness. In the eye, it could signal inflammation, infection, or physical irritation, and may accompany pain or discomfort.

Elevated blood sugar levels, often associated with diabetes. It can result from insufficient insulin production or reduced insulin sensitivity.

A lens opacity that is a very advanced form of cataract, always accompanied by lens-induced uveitis in dogs and cats, and is often accompanied by shrinking of the lens and wrinkling of the lens capsule.

Hyperopia, far sighted. A vision condition where distant objects are seen clearly but near ones are blurred. It occurs when shortening of the eye or flattening of the cornea make light focus behind the retina instead of on it.

Far sighted, hypermetropia. A vision condition where distant objects are seen clearly but near ones are blurred. It occurs when shortening of the eye or flattening of the cornea make light focus behind the retina instead of on it.

When parallel rays of light are focused behind the retina (Far Sighted).

Refers to areas of tissue that become darker due to an excess of melanin. It occurs in chronic conditions, notably in skin and eyes.

Areas in the retina that appear brighter than normal secondary to thinning of the retinal tissue to allow more light to reflect off the mirror (tapetum) located behind it.

Acromegaly. The result of excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) in adults. In cats, it’s caused by GH-secreting tumors of the anterior pituitary. Clinical signs include uncontrolled diabetes, weight gain, organ enlargement, and musculoskeletal changes.

An abnormally high body temperature (normal body temperature in the dog and cat ranges from approximately 100°F to 103°F).

A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to increased metabolism and illness. Symptoms include weight loss, increased appetite, and restlessness.

Saline solution with a higher concentration of salt than normal saline, used for its osmotic properties to promote healing.

An upward or dorsal deviation of the visual axis of the eye.

Blood in the front (anterior) chamber of the eye. Typically due to trauma or disease, hyphema may cause blurred vision or even blindness, and often requires immediate veterinary care.

A diet that avoids foods known to cause allergies, or one in which the proteins are broken down into a non-allergenic size.

Abnormally low blood sugar levels, which can cause symptoms like weakness, dizziness, and confusion.

An accumulation of white blood cells in the front (anterior) chamber of the eye. Often a sign of severe inflammation, it may be associated with infections, immune-mediated diseases, or cancer.

Lower than normal blood pressure.

A dangerous condition that occurs when the body's temperature in dogs and cats falls below 98 °F (37 °C), affecting the body's ability to function properly.

A common hormonal disorder in dogs in which the thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormone. This deficiency can lead to a variety of signs including lethargy, weight gain, hair loss, and skin problems. It is particularly prevalent in medium to large breeds, and requires lifelong treatment with thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

Abnormally low intraocular pressure (usually < 5 mm Hg)..

Inflammatory Bowel Disease. A group of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the digestive tract.

A topical treatment option for Demodex mites, efficacy varies.

A lens opacity that is a more extensive cataract than an incipient cataract, involving more (but not all) of the lens and causing reduced vision.

Protected against a particular disease or not affected by a particular influence.

A complex system of cells, tissues, organs and the substances they make that help the body fight infections and other diseases.

A process or disorder that results from the activity of the immune system

A disease whereby the immune system attacks the body's own cells.

Inflammation inside the eye caused by an abnormal immune system attacking tissues and cells inside the eye, mistaking them as being foreign invaders of the eye.

A medical term relating to diseases caused by dysfunctions in the immune system.

The weakening of the immune system, commonly caused by medical treatments, aging, chronic diseases, and stress. It increases the risk of infections and diseases.

Conditions that weaken the immune system, making the body more vulnerable to infections and diseases. These can be caused by certain infections, medications, or genetic disorders.

Treatment method that uses the body's own immune system to fight diseases, including allergies.

A condition whereby a gland fails to express their secretions normally, leading to discomfort or pain.

A very small lens opacity (the size of a head of a pin, or smaller) that does not interfere with vision.

The small teeth at the front of an animal's mouth, used primarily for grabbing and biting food.

Measurement of IOP determined by degree of corneal indentation using standardized weights.

Examination of the fundus (back of eye) using a condensing lens placed between the patient’s eye and the examiner. The image obtained is inverted, reversed, and with approximately 3-5 times magnification.

Slow-healing sores found typically on the lips or in the mouth of cats. They are often associated with autoimmune diseases or viral infections.

Refractory ulcer, “boxer” ulcer, or spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defect spontaneous. A superficial corneal ulcer that does not heal properly. It has loose edges, a characteristic “halo” stain pattern, and corneal vascularization.

Chronic ulcers that are slow to heal, often occurring in the cornea

Infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Through multiplicaiton of these pathogens, infections can lead to diseases, and they can be contagious or non-contagious.

Inflamed refers to a state where a part of the body becomes red, painful, and swollen, especially due to infection or injury.

A biological response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens or irritants, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain

IBD. A group of chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the digestive tract.

The body's defense mechanism against injury, infection, or irritation, often causing redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Received from a parent or ancestor by genetic transmission

A layman's term used to describe redness or congestion of conjunctival or episcleral blood vessels around the eye.

A pesticide that prevents insects from reaching maturity or reproducing.

A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels that allows cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream for energy.

Individuals who require regular insulin injections to manage their blood sugar levels.

A long-acting insulin used to improve and maintain blood glucose levels.

Insulin resistance occurs when cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. It’s a hallmark of type 2 diabetes and can result in impaired glucose tolerance2.

An organism that supports the immature or non-reproductive forms of a parasite.

The International Veterinary Acupuncture Society (IVAS) is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting excellence in the practice of veterinary acupuncture as an integrative part of veterinary medicine.

Inflammation of all layers of the cornea.

Removal of the lens protein and lens capsule. Sometimes abbreviated as ICLE.

Often abbreviated as IM, intramuscular refers to an injection given directly into the muscle.

Inside the eye

IOP. The fluid pressure inside the eye, critical for maintaining the shape of the eye and preserving healthy vision.

IV. Administration of fluids, mediations, or nutients through a vein directly into the bloodstream.

A thin, flexible tube inserted into a vein. It allows for easy and continuous access to the bloodstream for the delivery of fluids or medications, or for the withdrawel of blood.

Often abbreviated as IV, intravenously means administering medications or fluids directly into the bloodstream via a vein. It provides an immediate route for drugs or hydration to reach the entire body.

A procedure in which a drug is injected directly into the vitreous humor, which is the large "body" of clear gel-like material in the back of the eye, immediately behind the lens. In dogs, a single intravitreal injection is primarily used to treat uncontrolled chronic glaucoma in blind uncomfortable eyes.

An enlarged lens, due to osmotic changes inside a mature cataract causing the lens to “take on” too much water and swell. Typically present in diabetic dogs with rapid onset of diabetic cataracts. The swollen lens pushes the iris forwards, potentially causing glaucoma. Rupture of the lens due to a stretched lens capsule can occur, causing severe inflammation. Both complications require immediate surgical attention.

Kink-like, inward bending of the distal part of the cartilage of the nictitating membrane. Also called “scrolling” of the cartilage. Usually rolls outwards in dogs. Rare in cats.

Intraocular lens.

Intraocular pressure. The fluid pressure inside the eye, critical for maintaining the shape of the eye and preserving healthy vision.

Excision of part of the iris.

Incarceration of a portion of the iris in a limbal wound, either accidentally or in an operative procedure for glaucoma in which a filtering wick is created.

The angle created by the iris and cornea through which fluid leaves the eye. Also called the anterior chamber angle or filtration angle.

Inflammation of iris and ciliary body; anterior uveitis.

A ripping away or separation of the iris from the ciliary body.

Trembling of the iris with movement of the eye, indicating a loss of lens support.

Pupillary dilation and paralysis of the iridal sphincter muscles.

Incision into the iris.

The thin coloured part of the eye surrounding the pupil that controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting pupil size. The iris contains smooth muscle, pigment cells and blood vessels.

Nonpainful thinning and degeneration of the iris, typically leading to light sensitivity and decreased ability to constrict the pupil due to loss of smooth muscle tissue.

A complete posterior synechia around the margin of pupil resulting in bowing of the free iris forward from aqueous pressure behind it.

Iris atrophy involving the edge of the pupil, resulting in reduced ability to constrict the pupil. Commonly seen in geriatric dogs (especially small breeds).

Relatively uncommon type of iris atrophy involving the midsection of the iris, resulting in holes in the iris. Can be age-related, or can be congenital.

Inflammation of the iris.

A class of medications used to treat parasitic infestations, including those caused by Demodex mites.

Intravenous. Administration of fluids, mediations, or nutients through a vein directly into the bloodstream.

International Veterinary Acupuncture Society. A global organization dedicated to promoting excellence in the practice of veterinary acupuncture. It offers training, certification, and support to veterinarians who use acupuncture to treat animals, ensuring that practitioners meet internationally recognized standards of professional competence in veterinary acupuncture.

Medication commonly used to treat parasites, including Demodex mites.

A medication used to treat for many types of parasites in veterinary medicine. It is used off-label to treat demodectic mange in dogs, except in breeds sensitive to the drug.

Discomfort or pain originating from the muscles, bones, or joints in dogs, often associated with conditions like arthritis or injuries. These can be caused by inflammation, tissue damage, joint instability, or degenerative changes in the musculoskeletal system.

Positioned beside.

Dry eye, keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Poor tear production and/or quality leading to a dry ocular surface that can result in discomfort, conjunctivitis, mucoid discharge, keratitis with or without corneal ulcers, corneal and/or conjunctival pigmentation, and potential blindness.

Excision of various parts of the cornea.

KPs. Small deposits on the inner (endothelial) surface of the cornea comprised of inflammatory cells and macrophages, accumulating as a result of chronic uveitis.

Inflammation of the cornea, the clear surface of the eye, which can cause pain, redness, and blurred vision. It can be caused by various factors such as injury, infection, or autoimmune disease.

Inflammation of both cornea and conjunctiva.

KCS, dry eye. Poor tear production and/or quality leading to a dry ocular surface that can result in discomfort, conjunctivitis, mucoid discharge, keratitis with or without corneal ulcers, corneal and/or conjunctival pigmentation, and potential blindness.

Abnormal cone-shaped cornea where the cornea gradually becomes thinner and takes on a more conical shape.

Abnormal thinning and protrusion of the cornea, resulting in a bulging and irregularly shaped cornea that is more serious than keratoconus.

The melting away of corneal stroma due to destruction and liquefaction of corneal collagen (collagenolysis), secondary to enzymes released from inflammatory cells, injured corneal cells, bacteria, and/or fungi. This serious disorder can lead to corneal perforation and may result in blindness if left untreated.

Corneal grafting (transplantation) surgical procedure. Can be partial thickness (lamellar) or full-thickness (penetrating).

A surgical incision into the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye, often performed to treat certain eye conditions or injuries.

A surgical cut made in the cornea.

A medication used to treat a variety of fungal infections. It is often used topically in dogs and cats to treat fungal infections on the skin, or taken orally for more serious or widespread fungal skin infections.

A serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces excessive ketones, leading to acidic blood and potential organ damage.

Chemical compounds produced when the body breaks down fat for energy in the absence of sufficient glucose.

Relating to the presence of ketones in the body.

A condition where the kidneys cannot effectively filter waste products from the blood. Early treatment consisting of diet changes, supportive care such as potassium supplementation, and subcutaneous fluid administration (in cats especially) can help delay the progression of kidney insufficiency.

Commercial breeding facilities that prioritize profit over the health and well-being of cats, often resulting in overcrowded, unsanitary, and unhealthy living conditions, inadequate veterinary care, and unethical breeding practices.

Keratic precipitates. Small deposits on the inner (endothelial) surface of the cornea comprised of inflammatory cells and macrophages, accumulating as a result of chronic uveitis.

Glands that produce tears or associated with tears.

One of two small openings (holes) into the tear ducts, located in the inner corner of the upper and lower eyelids. These openings are called the "puncta" (plural of punctum). The puncta are the entry points for tears to drain into the tear ducts.

See punctum

Production of tears.

Drugs that imitate the action of natural tears, often used to manage dry eye syndrome. These provide moisture and relief for eyes that cannot produce sufficient tears.

A type of medication that stimulates the production of tears. It's often used to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye), a common condition in dogs.

Incomplete closure of the eyelids that can result in constant exposure and desensitization of the corneas. This can lead to corneal drying, ulceration, and scarring.

Incomplete closure of the eyelids that can result in constant exposure and desensitization of the corneas. This can lead to corneal drying, ulceration, and scarring.

Area of sclera in which optic nerve fibers pass from the globe.

The dense layer of bone that lines the tooth socket, visible on dental x-rays, and an indicator of bone health in the context of periodontal disease.

A surgical procedure that involves tightening the outer corner (canthus) of the eyelid to correct sagging or improve eyelid function.

The outside corner of the eyelids (the angle where the upper lid meets the lower lid, closest to the ear).

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis. A viral disease spread through rodents, like house mice, that can lead to infections in the brain and the tissues around it, to cause symptoms similar to meningitis (sudden high fever, stiff neck, severe headache, nausea or vomiting, confusion).

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by the Leishmania parasite, a protozoa transmitted through the bites of infected sand flies. It primarily affects the skin, internal organs, or mucous membranes, leading to symptoms ranging from skin sores to systemic illness, depending on the form of the disease.

Located behind the iris, the lens is a curved, transparent, biconvex structure suspended in the eye that is flexible to bend light and focus it on the retina to help you see images clearly.

A clear “cellophane wrapper” that surrounds the lens and separates and “hides” the inner lens proteins from the rest of the body.

A medical condition where the lens of the eye becomes dislodged or displaced from its normal position due to the weakening or rupture of the fibers (zonules) that hold it in place. Lens luxation can be a secondary complication of other eye diseases like PRA or can occur due to trauma. It can lead to serious complications such as glaucoma or damage to the retina and requires immediate veterinary attention.

A break or tear in the capsule of the lens of the eye, often due to trauma, that can lead to severe inflammation inside the eye (phacoclastic uveitis) and often necessitates surgical lens removal.

Partial dislocation of the lens within the eye. It often stems from weakened zonular fibers, the threads holding the lens in place, and can result in refractive errors, glaucoma, or retinal detachment.

Inflammation of the uvea (the middle layer of the eye, including the iris, ciliary body, and choroid) triggered by immune response to lens proteins. This can occur when the lens, normally an immune-privileged site, is damaged, often due to cataracts, lens trauma, or lens aging, allowing lens proteins to leak and provoke an inflammatory reaction.

Cone-shaped deformity of a part of the lens (anteriorly or posteriorly).

Relating to the lens.

A normal age-related hardening of the lens that result in reduced focusing ability and reduced ability to see in dim light.

Instability of the lens associated with zonulary loss.

Lesions are abnormal changes in tissue structure or function, often visible on the body's surface or detectable within organs. They can result from disease, injury, or infection and vary widely in appearance, from rashes or ulcers to tumors or cysts.

A state of extreme tiredness, sluggishness, or lack of energy.

White pupil, eg. due to cataract.

Very dense, large opacity of the cornea (larger than a macula and a nebula)

The circular border where the cornea meets the sclera and conjunctiva overlying the sclera, that is crucial for corneal regeneration and ocular health

A solution used as a dip for pets to treat various skin conditions, including parasites, fungi, and mites. It is known for its distinctive odor and can stain surfaces and fur.

A treatment for Demodectic mange involving bathing the cat in a solution of lime sulfur.

A type of shampoo that can help with itching and has anti-parasitic, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.

The graphical representation of familial relationships and the inheritance pattern of traits, where horizontal lines connect mates, and vertical lines connect parents to their offspring.

The side of the teeth that faces towards the tongue.

A dental issue where the lower canine teeth erupt inside the line of the upper canines, which can cause discomfort or pain.

A skin condition characterized by inflamed and infected lip folds on the face. Can be very painful and a source of strong odor.

Lens-induced uveitis. Inflammation of the uvea (the middle layer of the eye, including the iris, ciliary body, and choroid) triggered by immune response to lens proteins. This can occur when the lens, normally an immune-privileged site, is damaged, often due to cataracts, lens trauma, or lens aging, allowing lens proteins to leak and provoke an inflammatory reaction.

A condition confined to a specific area of the body. (Opposite of systemic)

Cytopoint ®. A canine monoclonal antibody given by injection at veterinary clinics that helps to control itching.

Slow-release formulations used to manage blood sugar levels in diabetes by providing a steady insulin supply and stable glucose levels over an extended period.

A binocular magnifier; useful in ophthalmic surgery.

A yellow to orange plant pigment and carotenoid that the body must obtain from dietary sources. It is concentrated in the retina, lens, skin, and brain. As an antioxidant, lutein helps filter harmful blue light and protects the retina and lens from oxidative damage. It is commonly used as a supplement to support eye health in both animals and humans.

Complete displacement of the lens from its normal location. (Subluxation is partial displacement of the lens from its normal position)

Small glands that are part of the lymphatic system, and are distributed throughout the body to recirculate fluids and cells. They play a critical role in the immune response by filtering lymph fluid and housing white blood cells to help fight infections.

The inflammation of the lymph nodes, often due to an infection. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system.

LCMV. A viral disease spread through rodents, like house mice, that can lead to infections in the brain and the tissues around it, to cause symptoms similar to meningitis (sudden high fever, stiff neck, severe headache, nausea or vomiting, confusion).

Pertains to the dissolution or destruction of cells, such as the process where bone is broken down, releasing its mineral content. In radiology, a lytic lesion appears as a dark area, suggesting bone loss or destruction.

Also known as euryblepharon. Abnormally long eyelids which result in an abnormally large palpebral fissure (eyelid opening).

A group of chemicals used as antiparasitic agents in veterinary medicine.

A congenital condition characterized by overly large eyelid openings.

A congenital condition characterized by overly prominent eyes and large eyelid openings, which can lead to increased corneal exposure and potential ocular complications. Common in brachycephalic breeds such as : (dogs) Pug, French Bulldog, Shih Tzu, and Pekingese; and (cats) Persian, Himalayan, and Exotic Shorthair.

(1) A moderate corneal scar (larger than a nebula and smaller than a leukoma). (2) Small, central area of the human retina, responsible for high-acuity vision

MRI. A diagnostic imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio waves for detailed body images. MRI provides exceptional soft tissue contrast and can diagnose brain or orbital diseases that CT may not detect.

A type of yeast that can cause skin infections in pets, known as yeast dermatitis.

A condition where the upper and lower teeth do not align properly.

Misalignments of the teeth or improper bite relationships between the upper and lower jaws, which can lead to issues with chewing or tooth wear, and make animals more prone to develop periodontal disease.

An opacity of the lens that is an advanced form of cataract, clouding the entire lens and causing blindness except for light and dark perception.

Located in the upper jaw, these are large teeth primarily used for tearing and chewing food. Due to their function, they can be susceptible to damage.

One of the pairs of air-filled spaces located below the eyes and above the upper teeth. They can be affected by infections or dental issues.

Inflammation of the maxillary sinus, a cavity in the skull near the upper jaw, often caused by infections, dental issues, or trauma in dogs.

A surgical procedure used to treat Macropalpebral Fissure Syndrome by narrowing the eyelid openings to reduce corneal exposure and correcting other eyelid changes causing irritation.

The inside corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet

A condition where the skin at the inner corner of a dog's eye rolls inward, causing hair on the skin to rub against and irritate the cornea. This chronic irritation can lead to corneal damage and eye infections.

The presence of abnormal hair growth in the inner corners of a dog's eyes that continuously contacts and potentially irritates the cornea. Over time, this irritation can lead to corneal ulcers and other eye health issues.

Use of medicinal solutions in bath water to treat skin conditions or parasites.

An enlarged or distended esophagus with decreased or absent motility.

A congenitally large cornea.

An oil gland located in the eyelids that helps prevent the evaporation of the eye’s tear film

Benign tumors arising from the meibomian glands in the eyelids, which produce part of the tear film.

Oil glands located within the eyelids that produce meibum. Meibum prevents excessive evaporation of tears and maintains stability of the tear film.

A type of NSAID specifically approved for use in cats to relieve pain and inflammation. All NSAIDS must be used with caution in cats due to their potential for renal toxicity.

A threatening gesture made without contact with the body that is designed to elicit a blink response.

A small opening located on the anterior surface of the mandible (lower jawbone). It allows the passage of the mental nerve and vessels, which provide sensation to the lower lip and chin.

A dental problem where the upper canine teeth tilt too far forward.

A term used in physical anthropology, biology, and medicine to describe a shape of skull that is roughtly as long as it is wide.

A tapeworm whose larva can cause PLC, a potentially fatal infection in dogs. Mesocestoides proglottids are club-shaped. Humans can become infected with Mesocestoides, particularly through ingesting intermediate hosts in uncooked food.

The complex set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms, which includes processes for converting food into energy, eliminating waste, and synthesizing the materials needed by cells.

Diseases and disorders that disrupt the body's normal metabolism (converting food to energy on a cellular level, and eliminate waste), often affecting multiple organ systems and leading to altered immune responses.

The set of chemical processes that occur within living organisms to maintain life.

The process of breaking down substances within the body, including drugs, into simpler components that can be used or excreted.

An oral medication commonly used to help lower blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose production in the liver.

A life-threatening condition where the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells is oxidixed to become methemoglobin, which cannot carry oxygen and thus cannot deliver oxygen to the tissues.

MSRA. A type of bacteria resistant to many antibiotics, causing infections in different parts of the body, often hard to treat.

A form of vitamin B12 that is active in the body and used to treat B12 deficiency, which can lead to anemia and neurological issues.

MSM. A sulfur-containing compound that acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, often used to relieve joint pain and improve joint health in dogs.

Extremely small, superficial corneal abrasions that can cause discomfort or pain and may predispose the eye to more severe injuries or infections.

See blepharophimosis

A small electronic chip, roughly the size of a grain of rice, that is implanted under a dog or cat's skin, providing a permanent method of electronic identification.

A small electronic chip, roughly the size of a grain of rice, that is implanted under a dog's skin, providing a permanent method of electronic identification.

Congenital, abnormal small diameter cornea.

Congenital, abnormal small develop optic disc.

A rare eye condition characterized by an abnormally small lens, which can lead to lens subluxation or luxation, and potential vision problems.

Congenital abnormal small globe (vs. phthisis).

Refers to examining something under a microscope to provide detailed information about cellular changes and disease.

An antiparasitic medication used to treat a variety of parasitic infections in dogs and cats. It's known for its effectiveness and safety profile.

Concave lens.

Constriction or narrowing of the pupil. It can be a normal light response, but could also signify inflammation, Horner's syndrome, or the effect of certain drugs like opioids or miotics.

Noun : A drug (such as pilocarpine) that causes the pupil to constrict.. Miotic drugs are sometimes used in the treatment of glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure. Verb (miosis) : the active state of pupil constriction.

Other potential causes of itching including conditions like seborrhea, cancer, and immune-mediated diseases.

A type of pesticide used to kill mites.

A common congenital anomaly that is a remnant of the embryonic attachment of the hyaloid artery and appears as a small white opacity on the posterior surface of the lens.

Millimeters of mercury. A unit of pressure measurement commonly used in medicine, particularly for measuring blood pressure. Regarding blood pressure, mmHg indicates how high the pressure can raise a column of mercury in a blood pressure gauge.

Teeth that have become loose due to periodontal disease, trauma, or bone loss, which may require extraction to prevent further oral health complications.

An antibody made by cloning a white blood cell, unique to a specific binding site.

To have or involve one eye.

The visual field seen by one eye.

A hypermature cataract which liquefies, allowing the nucleus to settle to the bottom of the capsular bag.

A surgical procedure used to reposition a prolapsed third eyelid gland ("cherry eye") back to its normal location, creating a 'pocket' to secure the gland in its normal location.

Movement of the globe.

A depth perception cue in which near objects seem to move faster than objects that are further away as we move through our environment.

Relates to movement and the coordinated contraction of muscles. In the context of this article, it emphasizes the importance of the nerves around the anal sacs that may influence hind limb movement and tail function.

A parasiticide used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of various parasitic infections. It's available in oral and topical formulations.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A diagnostic imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio waves for detailed body images. MRI provides exceptional soft tissue contrast and can diagnose brain or orbital diseases that CT may not detect.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. A type of bacteria resistant to many antibiotics, causing infections in different parts of the body, often hard to treat.

Methylsulfonylmethane. A sulfur-containing compound that acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, often used to relieve joint pain and improve joint health in dogs.

The boundary where the gums (gingiva) meet the mucous lining inside the mouth.

Resembling mucus or having a mucus-like consistency

Mucopurulent describes an exudate (discharge) containing both mucus and pus. It often indicates an inflammatory process involving the presence of both types of substances. For instance, a mucopurulent eye discharge may occur in cases of conjunctivitis

The moist tissue lining certain internal organs and body cavities, including the nose, mouth, lungs, and digestive tract, and is involved in absorption and secretion functions. Examples: gums and conjunctiva.

Creating small, superficial incisions (keratotomies) on the corneal surface.

Discomfort or pain originating from the muscles, bones, or joints in dogs, often associated with conditions like arthritis or injuries. These can be caused by inflammation, tissue damage, joint instability, or degenerative changes in the musculoskeletal system.

Teaching a dog to comfortably wear a muzzle to prevent biting, especially useful in potentially stressful or painful situations like vet visits.The goal of muzzle training is to ensure the dog sees the muzzle as a normal and non-threatening part of their routine, reducing potential anxiety or fear associated with wearing it.

The act of dilation of the pupil.

A topical ocular drug (such as tropicamide or atropine) that dilates the pupil and relaxes the ciliary body (smooth muscle inside the eye that, when contracted, allows near-vision).

Also known as nearsightedness, a condition where one can see close objects clearly but distant objects are blurred. This condition occurs when the eye is too long or the cornea is too steep, causing light to focus in front of the retina.

The hollow space within the nose where air is filtered, warmed, and humidified before reaching the lungs. The nose traps and removes pathogens and particulates from the air, and has olfactory cells that provide the sense of smell. The nose can be affected by infections or dental diseases.

The flow of mucus or other fluids from the nostrils, often a sign of respiratory infections, allergies, or dental problems like a tooth root abscess.

A characteristic wrinkle of skin around the nose commonly present in short-nosed (brachycephalic) dog and cat breeds.

A bacterial skin infection occurring in the folds around the nose, particularly in brachycephalic breeds with prominent facial wrinkles. It's characterized by inflammation, redness, and often a foul odor.

Occurs when hair covering a prominent nasal skin fold rubs directly on the eye, potentially causing irritation and vision issues. If left untreated, it can lead to corneal damage, including ulceration and/or keratitis. Usually affects both eyes.

Thin tube that drains tears from the eye to the nasal cavity.

Also known as myopia occurs when the lens and cornea bend light rays such that they converge in front of the retina and cause far objects to appear blurry, yet near objects remain easier to see.

Small corneal opacity (smaller than a leukoma and a macula)

Cancer. The development of a tumor or growth due to abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.

A natural compound found in the leaves and stems of the catnip plant (Nepeta cataria), known for its behavioral effects on cats. It mimics feline pheromones, inducing a euphoric, often hyperactive or passive effect.

A condition affecting the function of kidneys, often associated with diabetes.

A bundle of fibers that transmits electrical impulses between the brain and other parts of the body, facilitating communication and response.

A bundle of fibers that transmits electrical impulses between tissues.

NGF. A protein that is crucial for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain neurons. It plays a key role in the development and healing of the nervous system and can also influence other bodily processes such as immune function and inflammation.

Severe pain along the course of a nerve, usually due to nerve damage or irritation. In animals, it can manifest as pain, sensitivity, or discomfort in various body parts, and is often challenging to diagnose.

Dry eye syndrome caused by nerve-related issues that affect tear production. The condition can arise from damage to the nerves controlling tear production, common in conditions such as trigeminal nerve damage in dogs.

Nerve damage resulting from prolonged high blood sugar levels.

A chemical messenger that transmits signals across the synapse (junction) between one neuron and another, influencing a vast variety of bodily functions and behaviors.

A focal, pigmented area in the iris, choroids, and so on.

Nerve growth factor. A protein that is crucial for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain neurons. It plays a key role in the development and healing of the nervous system and can also influence other bodily processes such as immune function and inflammation.

Also known as the third eyelid, an extra protective layer that can sweep across the eye in some animals. This feature provides additional protection and moisture, particularly important for animals that hunt or live in challenging environments.

The inability to see in low-light conditions, often the first clinical sign of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in dogs. Also known as nyctalopia.

Fear Free. A concept that aims to prevent and alleviate fear, anxiety, and stress in pets by inspiring and educating the people who care for them through practices and approaches designed to create a better experience for pets, owners, and the veterinary team during veterinary visits and physical health.

Any breed of cat or dog without the extremely short jaw and muzzle. To include mesocephalic and dolichocephalic breeds.

NSAIDs. Medications that help reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and improve mobility in dogs without containing steroids.

A neurotransmitter and hormone involved in the body's fight or flight response, mobilizing the body for action by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels.

In veterinary nutrition, this term often refers to an ingredient, particularly a protein or carbohydrate source, that an animal has not been exposed to before, typically used in elimination diets to identify or manage food allergies.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Medications that help reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and improve mobility in dogs without containing steroids.

A normal age-related hardening of the lens that result in reduced focusing ability and reduced ability to see in dim light.

The central part of the eye’s lens, which can become hardened and cloudy with age, contributing to cataracts.

Cataracts that can develop due to nutritional deficiencies in dogs, such as puppies on an artificial milk-replacer diet.

Night blindness.

Involuntary, rhythmical oscillation of the eyes, either vertical, horizontal, or rotary.eyelids (the angle where the upper lid meets the lower lid nearest the nose).

Excessive accumulation of body fat, often associated with an increased risk of various health conditions, including diabetes, heart disease, and joint problems.

Animals that require a diet primarily of animal protein to meet their nutritional needs because their bodies are unable to synthesize certain essential nutrients from plant-based sources. Their teeth, gut, predation and eating habits have all adapted to an all-meat diet.

Apoquel®. A medication that controls itching, often used as a treatment for pruritus.

Ocu-GLO™. An antioxidant veterinary vision supplement that supports the cells of the eye.

Slit lamp. A combination adjustable light and microscope for examination of the eye, principally the anterior segment.

OD; the right eye.

Fluid that drains from the eyes, which can be caused by infections, inflammation, irritants, allergies, trauma, or blocked tear ductus.

OS; the left eye.

OU; both eyes.

The third cranial nerve.

Ocular dexter; the right eye.

A condition in cats where the body starts to destroy the tooth's own substance; usually results in the tooth needing to be extracted.

The use of pharmaceutical drugs in a manner which was not strictly used when the drug was licensed for use by the FDA in the USA. This could be age, dose, species, or form of administration. Vets may use off-label drugs when they judge that it is medically necessary for the animal's welfare.

A type of healthy fat often found in fish oil supplements, which helps reduce inflammation and supports overall joint and cardiovascular health.

A type of healthy fat often found in fish oil supplements, which helps reduce inflammation and supports overall joint and cardiovascular health.

Essential fats that help maintain healthy skin and coat, support immune function, and promote proper cell function, but must be balanced with omega-3 fatty acids to avoid inflammation.

A non-specific severe inflammation of the eye (outdated, means little without a modifying adjective).

Conjunctivitis in the neonate with physiologic ankyloblepharon; occurs in kittens and puppies.

Paralysis of the extraocular muscles. Divided into internal (with mydriasis) and external types.

Examination of the eye by means of an ophthalmoscope (an instrument used to examine the interior of the eye, primarily the fundus).

The protein constituent of the visual pigment rhodopsin.

Visual axis; an imaginary straight line passing throughout the center of curvature of the front and back surfaces of the lens of the eye.

Ophthalmoscopically visible portion of the optic nerve.

The nerve that connects and transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. Damage to the optic nerve, as seen in glaucoma, can lead to irreversible vision loss.

The use of the cornea, lens, and fluid in the eye to focus an image on the retina of the eye.

A health care professional (Doctor of Optometry) that provides primary eye health for humans only, such as performing eye exams and vision tests, detecting vision problems, and prescribing corrective treatments such as glasses, contact lenses and medications.

The anterior margin of the retina in sub-primates, where it merges into the ciliary epithelium (histological term).

The zig-zag anterior margin of the retina, where it merges into the ciliary epithelium.

Benign, wart-like growths that appear in the mouth or around the lips, gums, and tongue of animals, especially young dogs. Caused by the canine papillomavirus, these growths are typically small, cauliflower-shaped, and usually resolve on their own over time, but occasionaly require veterinary intervention.

A type of X-ray taken by veterinarians of the inside of a pet’s mouth, including the teeth and jaws, allowing the evaluation of its dental and oral health.

The muscle that closes the eyelids.

The bony socket that contains the eyeball and its associated muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Damage to the orbital structure can affect eye movement, vision, and could potentially lead to loss of the eye.

Line from apex of orbit through center of external orbital opening.

A surgically implanted artificial device placed in the eye socket after the removal of an eye to maintain the normal shape and appearance of the permanently closed eyelids, providing a more aesthetically pleasing outcome after enucleation.

Abnormal openings between the oral and nasal cavities, sometimes resulting from severe periodontal disease, extractions sites which do not heal properly, or trauma. They can cause chronic nasal discharge, infections, and difficulty eating, and usually require corrective surgery to resolve.

Relating to the branch of medicine focused on treating conditions and injuries of the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, muscles, and ligaments.

Ocular sinister; the left eye.

A common form of arthritis characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility in dogs.

Specialized bone cells responsible for breaking down and resorbing bone tissue, playing a vital role in bone remodeling, repair, and maintaining calcium balance in the body. In certain dental conditions, they contribute to the breakdown of tooth structures, such as in tooth resorption.

A condition where Demodex mites infest the ear canal, causing inflammation and irritation. It is diagnosed through ear cytology and treated with specific medications.

A medical instrument used for visual examination of the ear canal and eardrum.

An examination using an otoscope (a tool to look into the ears) for checking the health of the ear canal and tympanic membrane, often used to identify infections or other ear problems.

Ocular uterque; both eyes.

Harm caused to cells by free radicals, which are unstable molecules; antioxidants such as vitamin C and E help protect cells by neutralizing these free radicals.

Occurs when an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body leads to cell and tissue damage. This process is believed to contribute to the degeneration of retinal cells in PRA.

The act of examining a part of the body by touch, typically performed by veterinarians to feel for abnormalities, such as swelling, masses, or tenderness.

Referring to the eyelids.

The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the front part of the eyeball. It helps protect the eye and keeps it moist by producing mucus and tears.

The opening between the upper and lower eyelids, essentially the space through which the eye is visible and exposed to air. The size and shape of the palpebral fissure can vary between breeds of dogs and cats.

An organ located behind the stomach that plays a crucial role in digestion and blood sugar regulation. It produces hormones (such as insulin) and digestive enzymes.

Inflammation of the pancreas, which can be acute or chronic. It can cause abdominal pain, digestive issues, and complications related to insulin production.

A type of carrying equipment for dogs, consisting of two bags or containers mounted on either side of the dog's back. They are used for carrying supplies or gear, especially during hiking or outdoor activities, and should be appropriately sized and weighted for the dog's size and strength.

Superficial vascularization of the cornea with infiltration of granulation tissue and pigmentation.

Inflammation of all ocular structures.

Inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroids.

Optic disc.

Swelling or edema of the optic nerve head.

Inflammation of the optic nerve visible with the ophthalmoscope.

Growths on an animal's skin or mucous membranes caused by the papillomavirus, which can lead to conditions ranging from benign warts to certain types of cancers.

Small, raised, solid bumps on the skin that can be caused by various conditions, including flea bites.

A surgical puncture of the anterior chamber for the aspiration of aqueous fluid.

An organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.

Measures taken to prevent an infestation by parasites such as fleas.

Something that lives on or exploits another organism. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which a parasite derives nourishment from its host while potentially causing harm or inconvenience to the host organism.

Itching caused by parasites such as fleas, mites, or lice.

PDT. A surgical procedure to redirect the flow of a portion of all saliva to the eye to treat severe dry eye. While beneficial, it's usually a last resort due to potential complications like excessive tearing and mineral deposits on the cornea.

A surgical procedure to remove a part of the cornea. This surgery can alleviate pain, prevent further damage to the eye, and improve the cat's overall quality of life.

A lesion that forms on the gingiva (gum) as a result of chronic infection or a tooth abscess, often leading to the appearance of a draining tract or fistula. Also called a gum boil.

Often called a gum boil, a parulis is a swollen area on the gums where pus has built up. It's typically a sign of an underlying dental infection.

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that has the ability to infect a host organism and cause disease.

Causing or capable of causing or producing disease.

The adhesion of the edges of the upper eyelid with the lower eyelid caused external factors (trauma, surgery) or an underlying condition (certain diseases that affect the eyelids).

Parotid duct transposition. A surgical procedure to redirect the flow of a portion of all saliva to the eye to treat severe dry eye. While beneficial, it's usually a last resort due to potential complications like excessive tearing and mineral deposits on the cornea.

Fibrous bands radiating from the base of the iris and inserting into the inner surface of the cornea; assists in support of the iris and is the beginning of the outflow system of aqueous from the anterior chamber.

A record of descent of an animal, showing it to be purebred; also refers to a person’s lineage or ancestry.

Thin layer forming on the surface of the teeth, consisting of saliva and bacterial compounds.

Itching around the area of the anus.

Fibrous tissue that forms at the apex (or tip) of a tooth root, often following root canal treatment. It's seen on X-rays and doesn't indicate ongoing disease but rather the body's healing response.

Surrounding or located around the eye; injuries in this area can indirectly impact the eye's health and function.

Inflammation and infection of the structures around the teeth, including the gums and the bone.

A surgical technique where gum tissue is lifted to allow access to the tooth root and bone, typically for extractions or deep cleaning.

Localized masses of chronically inflamed tissue formed in response to persistent periodontal infections. Often associated with periodontal disease, they arise when the body attempts to wall off and contain the inflammatory agents.

A group of connective tissue fibers that attach the tooth to the alveolar bone, helping to support the tooth and absorb the forces generated during chewing.

The thin space between the tooth and the surrounding alveolar bone, filled with the periodontal ligament, and visible on x-rays as a dark line.

A pathologic deepening of the gingival sulcus.

A dental instrument used to measure the depth of the spaces between the teeth and gums, helping to diagnose periodontal disease by detecting gum recession and bone loss.

Advanced gum disease leading to damage to the soft tissue and bone that support the teeth.

The tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and cementum, which all work together to maintain tooth health.

Periosteum lining the inside of the orbit.

The use of heat or electrocoagulation to cauterize and destroy corneal blood vessels at their limbal origin.

Surrounding the optic disc.

Surgical separation of the conjunctiva from the limbus; performed as a preliminary step in various procedures.

This refers to the fluid that accumulates within the abdominal cavity, a condition known as ascites. In the context of tapeworm infections, the term specifically pertains to Peritoneal Larval Cestodiasis (PLC), a severe and potentially fatal condition where Mesocestoides tapeworm larvae infect the peritoneal cavity of dogs, who are accidental intermediate hosts. This type of infection can lead to symptoms such as abdominal distension, lethargy, and a marked decrease in appetite.

PLC. A potentially fatal condition that can affect dogs when they accidentally ingest certain types of tapeworm larvae. PLC represents a potentially lethal pathology in canines, elicited through the accidental ingestion of specific cestode larvae. It can lead to abdominal distension from ascites, lethargy, and decreased to no appetite.

A non-regressed part of the hyaloid artery.

Non-regressed, hyperplastic vascular tunic of the lens and persistent primitive vitreous.

PPMs. Congenital web-like strands of iris tissue stretching across the pupil.

The way objects appear to the eye based on their position and the position of the viewer.

"Potential of Hydrogen": It is a logarithmic scale number used to specify the acidity or basicity of aqueous solutions on a 0-14 scale, with 0 the most acidic and 14 the most basic.

Intraocular reaction resulting from sensitivity to lens material.

The surgical procedure of breaking the lens up with ultrasound and aspiration fragments.

A muscular tube that forms part of the throat and connects the mouth and nasal passages to the esophagus and larynx. It serves as a pathway for air and food, facilitating breathing and the initiation of digestion.

Chemical substances produced and released into the environment by an animal, affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species, often used for communication.

Chronic dental abscesses that have periods of remission and exacerbation. Their name symbolizes how they can "resurface" much like the mythological phoenix.

An essential mineral that works alongside calcium to build and maintain healthy bones and teeth, and plays a role in energy metabolism and cell function.

Abnormal light sensitivity. Often indicating eye disease or inflammation, photophobia can be a symptom of conditions like uveitis, corneal ulceration, or cataracts.

Visual sensitivity to chromatic stimuli (color vision; cone function).

Special cells (rods and cones) in the retina, the light sensitive part of the back of the eye, that detect light and convert it into electrical energy which is then sent to the brain for interpretation.

A progressively wasting or consumptive condition.

Also, called “shrunken eye”, or atrophy of the globe with low intraocular pressure. It can be caused by trauma, intraocular inflammation, infection and/or aqueous humor leakage. The affected eye are blind and may display reduced size. They may also present with retinal detachment, cataracts, uveal adhesions and/or corneal fibrosis

The normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including physical and chemical processes such as breathing, circulation, digestion, and nerve function.

The slight central depression sometimes observed in the optic disc.

Accumulation of pigment in the tissues of the eye, often seen in conditions such as GRPU.

Pigmentation of the cornea, often caused by chronic irritation. This condition is common in brachycephalic breeds due to their ocular anatomy.

A complex skin structure consisting of a hair follicle and its associated sebaceous gland.

Acute bacterial conjunctivitis in people or cattle caused by specific bacteria (dogs and cats do not get pinkeye)

A gland located at the base of the brain that produces various hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and other bodily functions.

A disease caused by a bacterium (Yersinia pestis) spread through flea bites.

A lens having no refractive strength.

A mode of walking in which the digits and the soles of the feet or hands touch the ground (eg humans, bears) and in contrast to digitigrade animals that walk on their toes (eg. dogs, cats).

A sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on the teeth and gums, which can harden into tartar if not removed regularly through brushing.

High globulin content aqueous produced following iritis or a paracentesis.

Peritoneal Larval Cestodiasis. A potentially fatal condition that can affect dogs when they accidentally ingest certain types of tapeworm larvae. PLC represents a potentially lethal pathology in canines, elicited through the accidental ingestion of specific cestode larvae. It can lead to abdominal distension from ascites, lethargy, and decreased to no appetite.

Posterior lens luxation. A condition in which the lens of the eye breaks free of its attachments to shift out of its normal position, but remains behind the pupil. Unlike anterior lens luxation, PLL is usually not painful and can often be managed medically rather than requiring surgery. Potential complications include shifting of the lens through the pupil to become an ALL, and also retinal detachment and chronic glaucoma.

Pupillary light reflex. A reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil in response to the intensity of light. An objective parameter in assessing the function of the retina, optic nerve, and oculomotor nerve.

A convex lens.

A form of demodectic mange localized to the feet of dogs. It's characterized by inflammation, infection, and depending upon severity, can cause lameness.

More than one pupil.

A condition in which an animal is born with more than the normal number of toes on one or more paws, and occurs most commonly in cats.

A trait whose expression is influenced by multiple genes.

An antibiotic often found in eye and ear infection treatments, it is used to treat bacterial infections by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane.

Damage or dysfunction of multiple peripheral nerves.

PSGAG. A substance used in medications which helps improve joint health and reduce pain in dogs with arthritis or other joint conditions.

The addition of a pleasant stimulus following a behavior, which strengthens that behavior.

PLL. A condition in which the lens of the eye breaks free of its attachments to shift out of its normal position, but remains behind the pupil. Unlike anterior lens luxation, PLL is usually not painful and can often be managed medically rather than requiring surgery. Potential complications include shifting of the lens through the pupil to become an ALL, and also retinal detachment and chronic glaucoma.

Iris adhered to the lens.

Pruritic Papular Dermatitis: A skin condition in cats characterized by the presence of itchy, raised bumps on the skin. It is commonly associated with flea infestations and manifests as part of an allergic reaction to flea bites.

Persistent Pupillary Membranes. Congenital web-like strands of iris tissue stretching across the pupil.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy. An inherited degenerative blinding disease of the retina, occurring commonly in dogs and rarely in cats. Blindness occurs slowly and progressively due to death of retinal cells.

A common over-the-counter medication used to treat tapeworms, although it might not be effective against all types and there's a concern about growing resistance to it.

Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration. A genetic mutation in dogs that initially causes rod photoreceptor degeneration, followed by the gradual degeneration of cone photoreceptors, resulting in progressive night vision loss followed by day vision loss and eventual blindness. It is the most common form of Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in dogs.

Individuals with a blood sugar level that is higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Indicates an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and requires lifestyle and dietary adjustments.

Planning activities that reduce a pet's stress before a vet visit, such as visits just for socialization, bringing comfort items and high-value treats, requesting a quiet room, informing the staff if the pet has special needs, and giving calming medications and supplements before the visit.

Non-digestible fibers that help promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, helping to maintain a healthy digestive system and improve overall gut health.

A steroid medication used to treat various conditions, including inflammation and immune system disorders. Used with caution due to potential side effects.

A term used in humans for age-related hardening of the lens that results in reduced near vision. Analogous to nuclear sclerosis in animals.

A type of aggression triggered by the instinct of dogs and cats to chase and capture animals or moving objects. This behavior is often seen when a smaller animal or object triggers the prey drive.

The natural instinct of dogs and cats to hunt, chase, capture, and possibly attack moving animals or objects. This behavior is common in dog breeds originally developed for hunting or herding.

Entropion that arises mainly due to anatomic or developmental abnormalities, possibly inherited.

A type of epilepsy in dogs believed to be hereditary. It presents without further neurological symptoms and does not stem from underlying brain conditions

A type of glaucoma that occurs without a known secondary cause, often associated with increased intraocular pressure leading to optic nerve damage.

Proglottids are segments of tapeworms, and can often be seen in your pet's feces or on their bedding, looking like small grains of rice.

The predicted recovery or progression of a disease or condition based on available information.

PRA. An inherited degenerative blinding disease of the retina, occurring commonly in dogs and rarely in cats. Blindness occurs slowly and progressively due to death of retinal cells.

PRCD. A genetic mutation in dogs that leads to the degeneration of rod photoreceptors first, followed by the gradual degeneration of cone photoreceptors, resulting in progressive vision loss and eventual blindness. It is the most common form of Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in dogs.

The displacement of a part or organ of the body from its normal position, usually downward or outward, e.g., "prolapse of the third eyelid gland".

Also known as "cherry eye," it refers to the protrusion or displacement of the tear gland located within the third eyelid, which can cause discomfort, eye irritation, and if left untreated, potential dry eye syndrome and vision problems.

Preventive dental cleaning of the teeth and subgingival area, followed by polishing, usually performed by licensed veterinary technicians or trained assistants, to maintain oral health and help prevent the onset of dental disease. The prophylactic dental cleaning is then followed by a thorough examination of the teeth by the attending veterinarian.

Prophylactic dental cleaning. Preventive cleaning of the teeth and subgingival area, followed by polishing, usually performed by licensed veterinary technicians or trained assistants, to maintain oral health and help prevent the onset of dental disease. The prophylactic dental cleaning is then followed by a thorough examination of the teeth by the attending veterinarian.

The displacement of an eye out of its bony socket in the skull ("popped out"), typically caused by trauma. This is a medical emergency that often causes blindness and often necessitates surgical removal of the eye, especially if not corrected as soon as possible.

Physical displacement of the globe from the bony socket, typically caused by trauma. This is a medical emergency that can lead to blindnesss.

PZI. A type of insulin used in diabetes management. It has a slower onset and longer duration of action compared to regular insulin.

Made up of building blocks of amino acids, proteins are important to the structure, function, and regulation of the body. Protein is a major component of the lens. Its breakdown causes the lens to turn white, much like cooked egg white turns white, resulting in a cataract.

Also called provocation study. A form of medical trial whereby a person or tissue is exposed to a subtance or situation that is claimed to provoke a response.

Itching or causing itching.

A type of dermatitis that causes intense itching. It can lead to self-trauma and secondary infections.

A skin condition characterized by itchy, red bumps, often caused by flea bites in pets.

Pruritic Papular Dermatitis (PPD): A skin condition in cats characterized by the presence of itchy, raised bumps on the skin. It is commonly associated with flea infestations and manifests as part of an allergic reaction to flea bites.

An uncomfortable sensation that makes a pet want to scratch.

The state of having a synthetic lens implanted in an eye.

A condition in which a non-pregnant individual exhibits signs and symptoms similar to pregnancy, often due to hormonal imbalances.

Itching caused by mental, emotional, or behavioral factors.

Triangular thickening of bulbar conjunctiva on the cornea, with apex toward the pupil.

Drooping of the upper eyelid.

Excessive salivation or drooling, which can be a symptom of dental disease, nausea, the presence of a foreign body, or other underlying medical conditions in pets.

The innermost portion of a tooth, housing the nerve and blood vessels. Damage or infection in this area can lead to pain and dental problems.

The two small openings (holes) into the tear ducts, located in the inner corners of the upper and lower eyelids. These openings are called the "puncta" (plural of punctum). The puncta are the entry points for tears to drain into the tear ducts. (also called 'lacrimal punctum')

Inflammation of the cornea characterized by small areas of homogenous opacity.

One of two small openings (holes) into the tear ducts, located in the inner corners of the upper and lower eyelids. These openings are called the "puncta" (plural of punctum). The puncta are the entry points for tears to drain into the tear ducts. (also called 'lacrimal punctum')

The two small openings (holes) into the tear ducts, located in the inner corners of the upper and lower eyelids. These openings are called the "puncta" (plural of punctum). The puncta are the entry points for tears to drain into the tear ducts. (also called 'lacrimal punctum')

The black opening in the center of the iris that, by changing shape, regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.

The widening of the pupil, often in response to low light conditions, certain emotions, or the effect of certain drugs. Abnormal dilation or constriction can indicate underlying health issues such as head trauma, inflammation, or certain systemic diseases.

PLR. A reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil in response to the intensity of light. An objective parameter in assessing the function of the retina, optic nerve, and oculomotor nerve.

The edge of the pupil, which can change shape with dilation or constriction.

The circular openings in the center of the irises of the eyes that allow light to enter.

The black openings in the center of the irises that, by changing shape, regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.

Commercial breeding facilities that prioritize profit over the health and well-being of dogs, often resulting in overcrowded, unsanitary, and unhealthy living conditions, inadequate veterinary care, and unethical breeding practices.

Relating to or containing pus, indicative of infection or inflammation.

Small, raised bumps on the skin filled with pus, often seen in cases of folliculitis and acne.

A chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are nodules of immune cells and tissue, often in response to infection.

A class of drugs used as insecticides, often found in topical treatments for ear mites.

A condition where the tear film is unstable due to a deficiency in the lipid or mucin layer, leading to dry eye symptoms.

A decrease in the aqueous (watery) component of the tear film, often measured with the Schirmer tear test.

The part of a dog or cat's nail that contains blood vessels and nerves, visible as a pink area within the nail, especially in nails that are light-colored.

A viral disease that affects the nervous system of mammals, including humans, cats, and dogs. It is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal and is almost always fatal unless postexposure prophylaxis treatment is received by the person immediately. This is why rabies vaccines are so important for pets.

The most common type of cysts affecting the jaw, often developing at the roots of dead teeth. They result from inflammation, usually due to untreated dental cavities.

An imaging technique that uses X-rays, gamma rays, or similar radiation to view the internal form of an object. For example, In veterinary medicine, it can be used to detect foreign bodies, fractures, or tumors internally in your pet.

In medical imaging, radiolucent refers to materials or tissues that allow the passage of X-rays more easily than others. They appear darker on X-ray films because they're less dense than surrounding areas.

Renewed outbreak of a disease.

Involuntary and nearly instantaneous movements in response to a stimulus.

(1) The deviation of light in passing obliquely from one medium to another of different density. (2) The determination of the refractive errors of the eye and their correction by glasses.

Ulcers on cornea or skin that do not respond to standard treatment and fail to heal as expected.

The process of becoming infected again after treatment. Continued monitoring and prevention efforts can be necessary to prevent reinfection.

The process by which pests or parasites re-invade their host after treatment. If a pet's environment is infested with fleas, for example, a pet will become reinfested with fleas after their treatment has worn off, if the environment is not also treated with an effective treatment.

A temporary or permanent decrease or disappearance of the signs and symptoms of a disease.

What remains after a process or event.

The ability of organisms or cells to withstand the effects of external agents (bacteria, viruses, drugs) that would typically alter or inhibit their normal function.

The point at which a disease is resolved or cured.

When dogs and cats become protective or aggressive over valuable items such as food, toys, or even space. The animal may growl or bite to prevent others from taking or approaching their valued resource.

Respiratory diseases encompass a range of conditions affecting the lungs and airways, also including the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. These diseases can vary from acute infections like pneumonia to chronic conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), impacting breathing, activity, and ultimately, quality of life.

The number of breaths taken per minute. It is an important vital sign that helps assess the health and function of the respiratory system.

RFLP: A molecular technique that identifies genetic variation by detecting unique patterns of restriction enzyme cuts in DNA. When a DNA sample is treated with specific restriction enzymes, the enzymes cut the DNA at recognized nucleotide sequences, creating fragments of varying lengths. These fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis, producing a distinct pattern of bands that can be used to compare genetic differences.

The baby teeth in cats and dogs that fail to fall out (shed), even after adult teeth have erupted.

The innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of the eye that contains the light sensitive rods and cones.

Pertaining to the retina, the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of the eye that contains the light sensitive rods and cones.

A neurologic disorder caused by pathologic, genetic, and/or environmental damage to the retina. Can cause toxic cataracts, specifically Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA).

A group of hereditary disorders affecting the retina, characterized by gradual degeneration of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina, leading to vision loss. Rods, responsible for vision in low light, typically deteriorate first, leading to night blindness, followed by the degeneration of cones, which affects daylight and color vision. Common in many dog breeds and rare in cats, these diseases can lead to secondary complications such as cataracts. While there is no cure, management may include nutritional supplementation to support retinal health.

Separation (peeling away) of the neurosensory retina (a light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of the eye) from its normal position at the back of the eye. This can disrupt the normal flow of blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the retinal cells, leading to vision loss.

Abnormal differentiation of retinal layers.

A form of retinal dysplasia involving congenital folding of outer retinal layers.

Electronic devices surgically placed on the retina, designed to stimulate remaining retinal cells and provide visual cues to individuals with severe vision loss or blindness. These implants work by converting light signals into electrical impulses that the brain interprets as visual information.

An inherited rare eye disease that breaks down the retina slowly over time, causing vision loss.

Disease of the retina.

A device for the objective determination of refractive error of the eye.

Visual acuity can also be measured by identifying the strength of a lens held in front to the eye that is required to focus an image onto the retina.

The process of drawing something back or being drawn back.

The space behind the eye within the bony orbit.

Examination of translucent tissues using light reflected back towards the viewer from the tapetum; useful in biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy.

Revolution®, selamectin. A parasiticide and anthelmintic medication for dogs and cats, applied topically, often used to control ear mites and fleas.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism: A molecular technique that identifies genetic variation by detecting unique patterns of restriction enzyme cuts in DNA. When a DNA sample is treated with specific restriction enzymes, the enzymes cut the DNA at recognized nucleotide sequences, creating fragments of varying lengths. These fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis, producing a distinct pattern of bands that can be used to compare genetic differences.

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes, characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, nasal discharge, and congestion. It can be caused by infections, allergies, or other irritants and can affect both humans and animals.

Light-sensitive pigment contained in the rods.

A disease in young, growing animals caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphorus, leading to weak or deformed bones.

A fungal skin infection, causing patchy hair loss, flaky skin, and inflammation. Lesions are often circular but can be any shape.

A type of photoreceptor cell in the retina of the eye that is sensitive to low light levels and motion detection.

One of the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Rod cells function primarily under low-light conditions, providing the majority of peripheral and night vision.

A deep cleaning procedure to smooth the tooth root surfaces and remove plaque and tartar from deep pockets, helping to promote the healing of gum tissues.

A diagnostic test where a pink-colored dye (rose bengal, rb) is used to detect damage or abnormalities on the surface of the eye. Particularly useful in diseses of the conjunctiva and cornea (e.g. dry eye, viral infections).

Refers to an anatomical direction towards the head of an animal (also known as cranial). Opposite of caudal (direction towards the tail).

Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina, extremely common intestinal parasites in dogs and cats. Transmitted to animals through accidental ingestion of their eggs from contaminated environments, leading to an infection known as toxocariasis, causing diarrhea and unthriftiness. They are also transmitted in utero from the mother, and through her milk to her puppies. They can occasionally cause serious disease in children, so fecal testing and parasite control is important.

Abnormal blood vessel growth on the iris surface in response to retinal ischemia.

An infection of the anal sacs, often resulting from impaction, that can cause inflammation and discomfort.

An infection caused by the bacteria Salmonella, often spread through contaminated food or contact with infected animals. It typically results in symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.

Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome. A disease in dogs causing sudden blindness due to rapid degeneration of the retina. The exact cause is unknown, and sadly, there is no known effective treatment or cure for SARDS as of now.

A contagious skin disease caused by a mite, causing intense itching.

Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects. Also known as "Boxer ulcers" or indolent ulcers these are persistent wounds on the cornea that fail to heal normally, often seen in dogs. They are characterized by the slow healing nature.

STT. A diagnostic test to measure the production of tears. A sterile calibrated strip of filter paper placed underneath the lower eyelid absorbs tears during a set amount of time. Measured in units of mm/min.

The tough, white and opaque outerost layer (tunic) of the eyeball that provides structure and protection. It extends from the cornea to the optic nerve at the back of the eye.

Inflammation of the sclera.

The process of hardening or thickening of tissue.

Lenticular sclerosis or Nuclear sclerosis. A normal aging process of the lens, whereby the layering of new lens fibers results in hardening of the lens with slight loss of its transparency and a reduced ability to focus.

Tissue that has become hardened, often from age.

Incision of the sclera.

A behavior where a pet rubs their bottom on the ground, usually due to pruritus (itching). It is most commonly due to anal sac irritation or a sign of tapeworm infection. After having the anal glands evaluated by a veterinarian, tapeworm treatment may be a consideration.

A blind or partially blind area in the visual field.

Visual sensitivity to low luminance intensities (light/dark perception); uses rods. (Opposite is photopic = visual sensitivity to high luminance intensities. Uses cones).

A condition where the cartilage of the third eyelid curls towards or away from the eye. This is often a congenital condition in certain dog breeds, like the English Bulldog and the Saint Bernard.

Tiny glands in the skin that produce sebum, an oily substance that helps keep the skin and hair moisturized.

Seborrhea is a skin condition characterized by excessive production of sebum, resulting in oily or flaky skin and dandruff. It can occur due to genetic factors, underlying medical issues, or poor hygiene, and often affects areas with a high density of sebaceous glands.

A chronic skin condition causing scaly patches, reddened skin, and stubborn dandruff. It's sometimes associated with Demodex injai infestation in dogs.

Entropion caused by changes in the position or size of the globe (the eye), not because of eyelid or skin development.

Glaucoma that develops as a result of another eye condition or disease.

An infection that occurs during or after treatment of another, already existing infection.

The process by which cataracts develop as a result of lens protein damage by toxic substances, such as toxic byproducts produced in the presence of retinal disease, uveitis, trauma, and medications. The toxic byproducts cause lens protein breakdown, resulting in cataract formation.

Cataracts that develop secondary to another underlying issue, such as retinal degeneration, uveitis, trauma, or medications. Toxic byproducts produced in the presence of these conditions can cause lens protein breakdown, resulting in cataract formation.

An abnormal electrical discharge in the brain, resulting in sudden, involuntary movements or altered consciousness.

Revolution®. A parasiticide and anthelmintic medication for dogs and cats, applied topically, often used to control ear mites and fleas.

An essential mineral that works as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage, and supports thyroid function and immune health.

Dead tissue that has separated from healthy tissue, in this case, on the cornea of the eye. This sequestration process can cause significant discomfort and potentially lead to further ocular complications.

Repeated measurements taken over time to track changes or trends.

A neurotransmitter crucial for various bodily functions, with a significant affect on mood, emotion, and overall well-being; medications that increase serotonin can help calm a pet before stressful events like vet visits.

The concentration of phosphate ions in the blood. Phosphate plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including bone health and energy metabolism.

Dry.

A plant (Actinidia polygama) native to East Asia, known for its effects on cats similar to catnip. Silvervine contains compounds that typically induce a playful and euphoric reaction in cats.

An inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses. It can result from infections, allergies, or other causes.

A diagnostic method used to identify environmental allergens by exposing the skin to potential allergens and observing the reaction. Considered the gold standard of allergy testing, and usually done by a Board Certified Veterinary Dermatologist under sedation.

Diagnostic tests where small pieces of skin are removed for examination. Usually done under sedation or general anesthetic. OR Surgical removal of a small piece of skin for examination under a microscope.

A diagnostic test where a small piece of skin is removed for examination. Usually done under sedation or general anesthetic.

A diagnostic test where a slide is pressed against the skin to collect cells for microscopic examination.

A diagnostic test where the skin is scraped and the sample is examined under a microscope for parasites.

Scraping the skin to collect samples for microscopic examination.

A type of tooth break where a section, or "slab", typically of the flat surface of one of the larger back teeth, breaks off. Often caused by chewing on hard objects such as real bones or antlers.

Ocular biomicroscope. A combination adjustable light and microscope for examination of the living eye, principally the anterior segment (cornea, iris, lens, and anterior chamber).

A specialized diagnostic procedure used by ophthalmologists that utilizes an ocular biomicroscope (slit lamp) equipped with a light source that projects a thin, focused slit beam of light onto the eye. This allows detailed examination of the living eye, particularly the front structures such as the cornea, iris, lens, and anterior chamber. It is commonly used to detect abnormalities such as corneal ulcers and cataracts.

Ocular biomicroscope. A combination adjustable light and microscope for examination of the eye, principally the anterior segment.

An eye chart used to measure human visual acuity.

The process of exposing a pet to different people, animals, and environments to help them develop appropriate and confident behaviors. Ideally, this should happen as a puppy or kitten, but can be reinforced throughout an animal's life.

A prescription medication used to manage pain associated with osteoarthritis in cats.

A behavioral health supplement for dogs and cats that contains a synergistic blend of ingredients designed to support calming behavior.

Caused by involuntary squinting in response to a painful eye condition.

Surgical procedures to sterilize female and male animals, respectively, preventing them from reproducing. Specifically : A spay surgery is an ovariohysterectomy, or a surgery to remove the ovaries and the uterus of a female animal. A neuter is a surgery to remove both the testicles of a male animal.

A rare birth defect in which the lens is abnormally round.

A type of tapeworm that may cause diarrhea, weight loss, and vomiting in pets.

SCCEDs. Also known as "Boxer ulcers" or indolent ulcers these are persistent wounds on the cornea that fail to heal normally, often seen in dogs. They are characterized by the slow healing nature.

Single-point measurements of blood glucose levels, typically taken at a specific moment (e.g., before a meal or after exercise).

A type of skin cancer originating from the squamous cells that make up the outermost layer of the skin. It's characterized by scaly red patches, open sores, or elevated growths that may crust or bleed.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium usually found harmlessly on skin and mucous memebranes. It can, however, become pathogenic and lead to serious, anitbiotic-resistant infections, such as MRSA. In animals this can cause conditions that range from skin infections to more severe diseases implacting multiple organs and tissues.

A bulging defect of cornea or sclera that is lined with uveal tissues.

The brain combines images from each eye, which are seen from slightly different perspectives, into a single image.

An abscess that's formed without the presence of bacteria. It's typically due to non-infectious causes, like certain drugs or vaccines.

A clean, salt-based solution used to cleanse or rinse areas like the eyes or wounds, helping to remove debris or contaminants while minimizing tissue irritation.

In a medical or laboratory context, sterility refers to the absence of any form of life, including bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.

A class of hormones, produced naturally by the body or synthetically, that have various functions, including regulating inflammation, metabolism, and immune responses.

A class of organic compounds that includes hormones such as cortisone and the sex hormones, used in veterinary medicine to reduce inflammation, suppress immune responses, and treat allergic reactions. They mimic natural hormones produced by the body and can be administered orally, topically, or by injection.

A manifest deviation of the eye in any direction.

The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead, flattened skin cells that provide a barrier against environmental damage. It is a habitat for certain mites like Demodex cornei in dogs.

Actions or reactions exhibited by animals in response to stress, anxiety, or discomfort. These are typically coping mechanisms, such as panting, drooling, shaking, or defensive aggression.

Irregular, linear lines in the cornea, usually associated with glaucoma (i.e., breaks), and phthisis bulbi (i.e., folds), and changes in the Descemet’s membrane.

Grid keratotomy. A surgical procedure to treat non-healing corneal ulcers by making grid-like incisions on the cornea’s surface to promote healing.

The thick, middle layer of the cornea composed of collagen and cells that provide strength and transparency.

Bleeding within the stroma.

Schirmer tear test. A diagnostic test to measure the production of tears. A sterile calibrated strip of filter paper placed underneath the lower eyelid absorbs tears during a set amount of time. Measured in units of mm/min.

Sty or Stye. An external or internal hordeolum.

A hemostatic agent used to stop minor bleeding quickly, especially useful when the quick of a dog or cat's nail is accidentally cut during trimming.

Refers to the layer of tissue directly underneath the skin. Medical treatments, like injections or fluid administration, can be given into this space.

Liquids, usually saline or electrolyte solutions, administered under the skin to help hydrate an animal. This method provides hydration when oral intake is insufficient or not possible.

Refers to the method of injecting a substance into the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis. Subcutaneous injections (such as insulin therapy or fluid therapy), while usually given by health care professionals, can also be given at home by pet owners for certain therapies (such as fluid therapy and insulin therapy) relatively easily and with minimal discomfort to the animal.

Injectable substances used to fill in areas under the skin.

A dental procedure that involves the removal of plaque and tartar buildup from beneath the gum line. This process is crucial for treating and preventing periodontal disease, as it cleans areas of the teeth that are not accessible with regular brushing, helping to maintain oral health and prevent gum disease.

Partial lens displacement; associated with partial loss of the lens zonules.

SARDS. A disease in dogs causing sudden blindness due to rapid degeneration of the retina. The exact cause is unknown, and sadly, there is no known effective treatment or cure for SARDS as of now.

Flat hemorrhage, eg. between conjunctiva and sclera.

Oral medications used to treat some forms of diabetes by stimulating insulin release from the pancreas, helping lower blood sugar levels.

Superficial pyoderma is a bacterial skin infection that affects the upper layers of the skin, commonly seen in dogs. It manifests as pustules, scaling, redness, and hair loss, often resulting from disruptions in the skin's natural defenses.

Superficial pyoderma is a bacterial skin infection that affects the upper layers of the skin, commonly seen in dogs. It manifests as pustules, scaling, redness, and hair loss, often resulting from disruptions in the skin's natural defenses.

A dental procedure that involves accessing the tooth's root through the gum tissue to remove infected tissue or repair damage when traditional root canal treatment is not possible.

A type of medication formulation where fine particles of a drug are suspended in a liquid carrier; these particles are solid and do not dissolve, which can lead to uneven dosing, especially towards the end of the bottle.

Junction of the ends of lens fibers, which results in the formation of Y and stellate figures within the lens.

A scar-like attachment between the conjunctiva of the lid and the eyeball.

A part of the autonomic nervous system (which controls the body's involuntary functions). It stimulates the body's "fright and flight" responses to threats and emergencies, enabling rapid and automatic reactions (such as increased heart rate). In the context of the eye, it dilates the pupil and redirects blood flow.

Inflammation in one eye following traumatic inflammation in the fellow eye. (In humans).

Refers to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which regulates the body's involuntary responses to stress, such as increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

A softening or fluid condition of the vitreous; the liquefied state following syneresis.

Cholesterol crystals floating in an abnormally fluid vitreous. (“Snowglobe” effect).

Fainting or a temporary loss of consciousness, often related to heart issues like cardiac arrhythmias, and can be aggravated by certain medications.

Adhesion of the iris to the lens (posterior synechia), or iris to the cornea (anterior synechia).(pl: synechiae)

(also known as vitreous syneresis). The process of liquefaction of the vitreous gel associated with aging.

A lubricating fluid present in joints that helps reduce friction, nourish cartilage, and provide cushioning between bones during movement.

Joints in the body that are surrounded by a protective synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid, allowing smooth movement between bones.

Relating to the body as a whole

High blood pressure affecting the whole body. It can harm various organs, including the eyes, leading to conditions like retinal detachment or hemorrhage.

An illness that affects the whole body, not just one part or organ.

Treatment that involves the whole body, not just a specific area.

Refers to the function of a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response.

An increased resting heart rate [>150 beats per minute in small dogs; > 120 bpm in medium dogs; > 150 bpm in large dogs; > 200 bpm in cats), which can be the result of certain medications, illnesses, or due to certain diseases of the heart.

Temporary stitches used to hold the eyelid in its proper position.

Medication used to control inflammation and stimulate tear production. Commonly prescribed in ophthalmic conditions such as corneal degeneration and dry eye.

A common tapeworm in dogs and cats that produces rectangular proglottids (tapeworm segments).

Increased reflection of light from the tapetum, a reflective layer behind the retina, often seen in retinal degenerative conditions.

Also known as the tapetum lucidum, the tapetum is a reflecting layer immediately behind, and sometimes within, the retina of the eye that serves to reflect light back to the retina, increasing the quantity of light stimulating the retina.

The tapetum is a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates, aiding vision in low-light conditions by reflecting light back through the retina. It's responsible for the eye shine seen in animals like cats and dogs in the dark.

Parasitic segmented flatworms that live in the small intestine of dogs, cats, and other animals. Pets become infected by eating intermediate hosts, like fleas and mice, which contain the infective larvae. Tapeworms can be harmful to both pets and humans.

A minor surgical procedure involving the partial or complete suturing of the eyelids closed to protect the cornea. This procedure is used temporarily during the healing process of severe corneal damage, such as after surgery for deep ulcers, to provide protection and maintain moisture over the sensitive corneal surface. Tarsorrhaphy aids in healing by reducing exposure to external irritants and mechanical damage that can occur from eyelid movement. Once the cornea is healed, the sutures are removed.

Surgical closure of the eyelids; may be temporary or permanent.

A hard, yellow-to-brown substance that forms on the teeth as plaque calcifies. Tartar can be prevented if plaque is scrubbed or brushed off of the teeth before it hardens.

A condition caused by ocular discharge and excessive tears being trapped on the inside corner of the eyelids, leading to skin inflammation (moist dermatitis). Chronic dampness of skin from tears can disrupt the natural barrier of the skin, leading to inflammation, infection, and sometimes even skin ulceration. Often present in dogs with long facial hair that is not adequately groomed.

Channels that carry tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity. When these ducts are blocked or not functioning properly, it can lead to "watery eyes" or, conversely, dry eyes if tear drainage is too efficient.

A multi-layered film of fluids covering the eye surface that provides lubrication, prevents infection, and helps maintain clear vision. Disruption of this film can lead to dry eye syndrome, a common condition in many animals.

Development of dry spots (measured in seconds) in the tear film, as observed at biomicroscopy with the preocular film stained using fluorescein.

Lacrimal secretion.

Third eyelid gland. A gland associated with the third eyelid that produces a significant portion of the tear film.

Fascia around the globe.

Tear Film Break-Up Time, a test to measure the stability of the tear film on the surface of the eye.

Also known as the nictitating membrane, it's an extra eyelid found in cats, dogs, and some other animals. This eyelid helps to protect and moisten the eye while the animal's main eyelids are open, contributing to overall ocular health.

A surgical technique where a portion of the third eyelid (nictitating membrane) is used to cover and protect a corneal defect or ulcer.

A gland associated with the third eyelid that produces a significant portion of the tear film. In dogs, a common condition is "cherry eye," where this gland prolapses and becomes visible.

Cherry eye. A condition commonly seen in young dogs where the third eyelid gland breaks free of its anchoring ligament attachments and prolapses, rising up to become visible as a pink-to-red mass at the leading edge of the third eyelid. Surgical repositioning of the gland is required to prevent further complications.

Cherry eye. A condition commonly seen in young dogs where the third eyelid gland breaks free of its anchoring ligament attachments and prolapses, rising up to become visible as a pink-to-red mass at the leading edge of the third eyelid. Surgical repositioning of the gland is required to prevent further complications.

A blood test that assesses the functioning of the thyroid gland, which is crucial for regulating metabolism.

A medication belonging to the beta-blocker class of drugs, and used primarily in the treatment of glaucoma. It decreases eye pressure by reducing the production of aqueous humor.

Continuous measurement of the intraocular pressure to estimate pressure-sensitive aqueous humor outflow (in μL/ mm Hg per minute).

A diagnostic test that measures the intraocular pressure inside the eye, used to test for glaucoma. It is a quick and painless procedure, often involving a device gently touching the eye's surface.

Small, rounded masses of normal lymphatic tissue located at the back of the throat. They play a role in the immune system by helping to protect the body from infection by trapping and filtering out bacteria and viruses entering through the mouth and nose.

A progressive condition in which the tooth crown and/or root structure is broken down and absorbed by the body, often resulting in pain, tooth fracture, and eventual tooth loss.

A painful infection at the root of a tooth, often caused by periodontal disease or a fractured tooth. Often diagnosed by x-rays under anesthesia. Abscesses are usually treated by extracting the tooth.

A type of pet medication applied externally on the skin, such as emodepside with praziquantel used topically for cats to treat tapeworms.

Medications, like Retin-A®, used to treat skin conditions by promoting skin cell turnover and reducing inflammation.

Treatment applied directly to a body surface or skin.

Cataracts caused by a toxic reaction in the lens due to other ocular disease or, less commonly, a drug reaction.

Roundworms are a common intestinal parasite in dogs, where they reside and reproduce. These parasites can be transmitted to humans through accidental ingestion of their eggs from contaminated environments, potentially leading to an infection known as toxocariasis, which can cause significant health issues, especially in children.

A parasitic infection caused by roundworms, commonly found in dogs and cats. It can by contracted by ingesting soil or licking surfaces contaminated with the eggs, and due to the migration pattern of the worms, may lead to symptoms like fever, coughing, and vision problems in severe cases.

A microscopic protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. Cats are the definitive host and are infected after consuming infected prey or raw meat. Cats excrete the organism in their feces which poses a risk to humans, particularly pregnant women, through contact with contaminated litter or soil.

A potentially serious infection caused by the microscopic protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Cats are the definitive host and are infected after consuming infected prey or raw meat. Cats excrete the organism in their feces which poses a risk to humans, particularly pregnant women, through contact with contaminated litter or soil.

A part of the eye located around the base of the cornea, it's responsible for draining the aqueous humour from the eye into the bloodstream. In glaucoma, this meshwork can become blocked, leading to increased eye pressure.

The methods and strategies used to teach dogs various behaviors and commands, which requires understanding the dog's individual needs, behavior, and learning style. The key components are: training tools, basic commands, positive reinforcement, behavior modification, and socialization.

Passage of light through the tissues. May facilitate the differentiation of solid from hollow tissue masses.

A condition where hair (in the form of misdirected eyelashes, or hair on eyelids or nasal folds) contacts the surface of the eye and causes irritation and potential damage to the eye. This condition often occurs in dog and cat breeds with short noses and prominent eyes (brachycephalic).

An abnormal growth of cells that may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Tumors can occur anywhere in the eye and may affect vision depending on their location and size.

TVL. Embryologic vascular tunic around the lens>

Tunica vasculosa lentis. Embryologic vascular tunic around the lens>

An autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation.

A disease caused by a bacterium (Rickettsia typhi) spread through flea bites.

An open wound in the skin or mucous membrane that fails to heal. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, or ocular tissues (cornea or conjunctiva), and is typically characterized by inflammation and discomfort.

Superficial or deep eroding process in the cornea after loosening or erosion of the epithelium.

The process of forming an ulcer or the state of having an ulcer, which is a break in the surface tissue of skin or cornea.

Open wounds in the skin or mucous membrane that fails to heal. They can occur in various parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, or ocular tissues (cornea or conjunctiva), and are typically characterized by inflammation and discomfort.

A non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency ultrasonic sound waves to produce images of the internal structures of the body and also the eye and orbit. Ocular ultrasonography is especially useful when the view of the retina is blocked by conditions such as advanced cataracts. Orbital ultrasonography evaluates the tissues behind the eye in the orbit (eye socket).

A diagnostic imaging technique using high-frequency sound waves for internal body images. In ophthalmology, it is invaluable for assessing intraocular structures when ocular media are opaque due to conditions like cataracts or hemorrhage.

A common panel of tests to examine the visual appearance and chemical, and microscopic aspects of urine to help screen for health conditions, such as liver and kidney disease, diabetes, and urinary tract infections.

Tiny mineral formations that develop in an animal’s urine, often caused by an imbalance in urine pH, diet, or dehydration, which can lead to urinary tract irritation or pain, blockage of urine flow, or stones in the urinary system and bladder if left untreated.

Inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body (anterior uvea) or choroid (posterior uvea).

The pigmented layer of the eye consisting of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.

Inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body (anterior uveitis) or choroid (posterior uveitis).

A substance that stimulates the body’s natural defenses to build resistance to specific infections and making the immune system stronger.

An herb (Valeriana officinalis) commonly used for its sedative and calming properties, especially in humans. In cats, valerian root can produce a mild stimulant effect to encourage playfulness, but can also be calming and reduce stress.

An entity that is different from the standard or original, but not sufficiently different to be termed a distinct, stand-alone entity. For instance, Demodex cornei is considered a variant of the Demodex canis mite.

Pertaining to blood vessels.

Reduction in the diameter or density of blood vessels, often observed in retinal imaging.

The growth of blood vessels into an area. In the context of corneal ulcers, corneal vascularization occurs when blood vessels invade the cornea, often as part of the healing process. Excessive vascularization can impact corneal clarity and function.

Vet-client-patient relationship. A professional and legal bond among veterinarians, their clients, and their patients critical for ensuring that animals receive appropriate and ethical medical care.

Referring to the belly or underside of an animal.

Visual evoked response.

VCPR. A professional and legal bond among veterinarians, their clients, and their patients critical for ensuring that animals receive appropriate and ethical medical care.

A fiber supplement for pets that can be used to increase stool bulk and promote healthy anal sac function.

Providing comfort and quality end-of-life care for pets in their final months, weeks, or days, rather than curative treatments. It involves pain management, emotional support, and end-of-life services for both the pets and their families.

A veterinarian who is a specialist and addresses all medical and surgical issues with the eyes. Veterinary ophthalmologists are board-certified after completing 4 years of undergraduate college, 4 years of veterinary school, one year of an internship, and a 3-year residency, often accompanied by a Master’s or PhD program. Veterinary ophthalmologists are the only veterinarians specifically trained to diagnose and treat all eye and visual problems in animals.

A veterinarian with specialized training in diagnosing and treating cancers in animals, including establishing treatment plans and protocols.

A veterinarian who is a specialist and addresses all medical and surgical issues with the eyes. Veterinary ophthalmologists are board-certified after completing 4 years of undergraduate college, 4 years of veterinary school, one year of an internship, and a 3-year residency, often accompanied by a Master’s or PhD program. Veterinary ophthalmologists are the only veterinarians specifically trained to diagnose and treat all eye and visual problems in animals.

The level of care and expertise expected of veterinarians when treating animals, including appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up based on current veterinary medical practices and guidelines.

Caninsulin. An type of highly purified porcine insulin used to treat diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats.

Large, tachile hair about the eyelids and face of domestic mammals.

Pertaining to or caused by a virus, which is a microscopic infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism and often leads to disease.

The internal organs of an animal's body, typically within the chest or abdomen, including the heart, lungs, liver, and intestines.

Optic axis; an imaginary straight line passing from the midpoint of the visual field to the area centralis.

The total area that can be seen when the eye is directed forward, including peripheral vision. Animals have different visual field ranges depending on their lifestyle and ecological niche.

The aspect in which a viewer sees the visual field; it can alter how objects are perceived. For instance, birds of prey have a forward-facing visual perspective that aids in hunting.

Gel that fills the eye behind the lens.

See syneresis

The sounds that dogs and cats make (such as barking, whining, or growling for dogs and purring, meowing, or hissing for cats) that are used to express needs, emotions, or reactions to their environment. These sounds are often combined with body language to enhance communication.

VSCS. Sulfur-containing compounds that have a strong odor and contribute to bad breath. An example is hydrogen sulfide, the smell of rotten eggs.

Volatile sulfur compounds. Sulfur-containing compounds that have a strong odor and contribute to bad breath. An example is hydrogen sulfide, the smell of rotten eggs.

The range of electromagnetic radiation that determines the color of light when perceived by the eye.

Hills Science Diet W/D. A specific high-fiber pet food that can aid in anal sac health by bulking up stools, helping the anal sacs to express normally with each bowel movement.

Hills Prescription Diet w/d. A specific high-fiber pet food that can aid in anal sac health by bulking up stools, helping the anal sacs to express normally with each bowel movement.

Devices worn on the body to continuously monitor blood glucose levels by providing real-time data which helps individuals manage diabetes more effectively.

A surgical procedure that removes a wedge-shaped piece of tissue, often used to remove a mass from an eyelid margin.

A nutritional supplement that provides a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, primarily aimed at improving coat health and joint function.

Whisker fatigue in cats is a condition resulting from the overstimulation of the sensory system of the whiskers, leading to stress or discomfort. Using wide-based food and water bowls can help reduce whisker fatigue by minimizing the contact their whiskers make with the bowl's edges.

A type of blood cell involved in the immune response by helping to fight infections and maintain overall health.

Abnormal dryness with thickening of the conjunctiva and cornea.

A sugar substitute commonly used as a sweetener in sugar-free medications, gum, candy, and baked goods. WARNING: It is extremely toxic to dogs, causing a rapid release of insulin and hypoglycemia, vomiting, and potential liver failure and death. Seek immediate emergency veterinary care if xylitol ingestion occurs or is suspected.

A medication used as a reversal agent in veterinary medicine, particularly for reversing the effects of sedatives like xylazine. It works by blocking alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the nervous system.

A natural carotenoid found together with lutein in plant-based sources such as kale and spinach, and also in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, and in egg yolks. When ingested, it is concentrated in the retina and lens where, together with lutein, it plays a crucial role in protecting the eye from light-induced oxidative damage. It is often paired with lutein in vision supplements to support retinal and lens health.

A trace mineral crucial for immune function, skin health, wound healing, and enzyme activity in the body.

Very fine tissue strands which suspend the lens.

A tiny thread-like fiber that holds the eye's lens firmly in place. The zonules work with the ciliary muscles to help the lens accommodate (change focus). The zonule fibers tighten and pull the lens for near vision. They relax as the lens flattens for distance vision.

Tiny thread-like fibers that hold the eye's lens firmly in place. The zonules work with the ciliary muscles to help the lens accommodate (change focus). The zonule fibers tighten and pull the lens for near vision. They relax as the lens flattens for distance vision.

Lysis of the fine tissue strands (zonules) holding the lens in place, as with chymotrypsin, to facilitate removal of the lens in cataract surgery.

Infectious disease that can spread from animals to humans.

A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans, as some types of tapeworms can cause. Certain species of tapeworms are capable of inducing zoonotic diseases, thus emphasizing the significance of timely diagnosis, prophylaxis, and therapeutic intervention.